Opening the text

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British IslesShuckard, William Edward

Science

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles

Name: British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles
Author: Shuckard, William Edward

Shuckard, William Edward

Bees; Hymenoptera -- Great Britain

Conjunctively with the assistance derived from this circumstance, the
various modes whereby pollen is collected and conveyed, either on the
legs or on the belly, further facilitates the grouping of the family.
Other structural or economical peculiarities lend their aid, and
although the arrangement primarily emanates from the differences in the
formation of the tongue, these are corroborated by differences in other
organs, and the general distribution, as well as the special
combinations, all result from natural characteristics.

The simplicity of the arrangement thus effected is very striking; and we
thus find all the bees having similar habits, and with a similar
structure united together by it in distinct groups.

I will here insert my scheme, and exhibit why and in what it differs
from those of my predecessors; and, where necessary, I shall append such
observations upon the several methods extant, as will sufficiently show
the necessity, and vindicate the introduction of a new one.

  FAMILY MELLICOLLIGERÆ (Honey collectors).

    Subfamily 1. ANDRENIDÆ (Subnormal Bees).

      Section 1. _With lacerate paraglossæ._

        Subsection _a_. WITH EMARGINATE TONGUES.

           Genus 1. COLLETES.

                 2. PROSOPIS.

        Subsection _b_. WITH LANCEOLATE TONGUES.

           Genus 3. SPHECODES.

                 4. ANDRENA.

                 5. CILISSA.

      Section 2. _With entire paraglossæ._

        Subsection _c_. WITH ACUTE TONGUES.

           Genus 6. HALICTUS.

                 7. MACROPIS.

                 8. DASYPODA.

    Subfamily 2. APIDÆ (Normal Bees).

      Section 1. _Solitary._

        Subsection 1. SCOPULIPEDES (brush-legged).

        a. _Femoriferæ_ (collectors on the entire leg).

           † _With two submarginal cells._

           Genus 9. PANURGUS.

           b. _Cruriferæ_ (collectors on the shank only).

           † _With two submarginal cells._

          Genus 10. EUCERA.

          †† _With three submarginal cells._

          Genus 11. ANTHOPHORA.

                12. SAROPODA.

                13. CERATINA.

        Subsection 2. NUDIPEDES (naked-legged).

          a. _With three submarginal cells._

          Genus 14. NOMADA.

                15. MELECTA.

                16. EPEOLUS.

          b. _With two submarginal cells._

          Genus 17. STELIS

                18. CŒLIOXYS.

        Subsection 3. DASYGASTERS (hairy-bellied).

          _All with two submarginal cells._

          Genus 19. MEGACHILE.

                20. ANTHIDIUM.

                21. CHELOSTOMA.

                22. HERIADES.

                23. ANTHOCOPA.

                24. OSMIA.

      Section 2. _Cenobites_ (Dwellers in Community).

        Subsection 1. SPURRED.

                † _Parasitical._

          Genus 25. APATHUS.

                †† _Collectors._

              _Temporarily social._

          Genus 26. BOMBUS.

        Subsection 2. UNSPURRED.

            _Permanently social._

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

Opening the text

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British IslesShuckard, William Edward

Science

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles

Shuckard, William Edward

Bees; Hymenoptera -- Great Britain

Conjunctively with the assistance derived from this circumstance, the
various modes whereby pollen is collected and conveyed, either on the
legs or on the belly, further facilitates the grouping of the family.
Other structural or economical peculiarities lend their aid, and
although the arrangement primarily emanates from the differences in the
formation of the tongue, these are corroborated by differences in other
organs, and the general distribution, as well as the special
combinations, all result from natural characteristics.

The simplicity of the arrangement thus effected is very striking; and we
thus find all the bees having similar habits, and with a similar
structure united together by it in distinct groups.

I will here insert my scheme, and exhibit why and in what it differs
from those of my predecessors; and, where necessary, I shall append such
observations upon the several methods extant, as will sufficiently show
the necessity, and vindicate the introduction of a new one.

  FAMILY MELLICOLLIGERÆ (Honey collectors).

    Subfamily 1. ANDRENIDÆ (Subnormal Bees).

      Section 1. _With lacerate paraglossæ._

        Subsection _a_. WITH EMARGINATE TONGUES.

           Genus 1. COLLETES.

                 2. PROSOPIS.

        Subsection _b_. WITH LANCEOLATE TONGUES.

           Genus 3. SPHECODES.

                 4. ANDRENA.

                 5. CILISSA.

      Section 2. _With entire paraglossæ._

        Subsection _c_. WITH ACUTE TONGUES.

           Genus 6. HALICTUS.

                 7. MACROPIS.

                 8. DASYPODA.

    Subfamily 2. APIDÆ (Normal Bees).

      Section 1. _Solitary._

        Subsection 1. SCOPULIPEDES (brush-legged).

        a. _Femoriferæ_ (collectors on the entire leg).

           † _With two submarginal cells._

           Genus 9. PANURGUS.

           b. _Cruriferæ_ (collectors on the shank only).

           † _With two submarginal cells._

          Genus 10. EUCERA.

          †† _With three submarginal cells._

          Genus 11. ANTHOPHORA.

                12. SAROPODA.

                13. CERATINA.

        Subsection 2. NUDIPEDES (naked-legged).

          a. _With three submarginal cells._

          Genus 14. NOMADA.

                15. MELECTA.

                16. EPEOLUS.

          b. _With two submarginal cells._

          Genus 17. STELIS

                18. CŒLIOXYS.

        Subsection 3. DASYGASTERS (hairy-bellied).

          _All with two submarginal cells._

          Genus 19. MEGACHILE.

                20. ANTHIDIUM.

                21. CHELOSTOMA.

                22. HERIADES.

                23. ANTHOCOPA.

                24. OSMIA.

      Section 2. _Cenobites_ (Dwellers in Community).

        Subsection 1. SPURRED.

                † _Parasitical._

          Genus 25. APATHUS.

                †† _Collectors._

              _Temporarily social._

          Genus 26. BOMBUS.

        Subsection 2. UNSPURRED.

            _Permanently social._

Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles

British Bees: An Introduction into the Studies of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to the British Isles

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