The methods of assailing a castle thus enumerated were, as a rule, put into operation at the same time and supported one another. Thus in the siege of Bedford Castle, defended by the followers of Faukes de Breauté, in 1224, the siege was carried out by King Henry III. in person. Two wooden Beffrois were made and advanced towards the walls,--these were occupied by longbow-men and arbalestiers; sappers approached the walls and undermined by means of a Cat; seven trebuchets cast their ponderous projectiles against, or into, the castle without intermission night and day, while lesser artillery hurled lead-covered stones, darts, bolts, and other missiles among the defenders upon the walls, or through the oillets and louvre-covered windows. The barbican was taken and then the outer bailey; a breach in the defending wall gave admission to the inner bailey, and when, by judicious sapping, one portion of the great Shell Keep sank and produced a wide breach, the castle was surrendered. In medieval manuscripts we meet with many illustrations of petardiers hurling vessels containing Greek fire upon the various engines attacking a castle or town, and perhaps this terrifying missile deserves more notice than has hitherto been paid to it. Introduced from the East during the time of the Crusades it was used with other incendiary bodies, but as no great objects were specially achieved by its use in our islands, or rather, as chroniclers do not make special mention of such results, we are probably justified in thinking that the effects were more of a terrifying character than of actual effectiveness in besieging or defending a castle. INDEX Adulterine Castles, 90, 91 Ages--Stone, Bronze, Iron, dates of, 7 l'Aigle, Matilda de, 94 Albini, Nigel de, Cainhoe Castle, 56 Alnwick Castle, description of, 68 Alselin, Geoffrey, Laxton Castle, 56 Alur, 117, 168 Ambresbury Banks, Essex, 29 Anderida, 45 Angus, Earl of, 187 Arbalesteria, 78, 117 Arblast, 196 Archer, the English, 150 Aros Castle, 179 Arundel Castle, 54, 65, 151, 158 description of, 71 Shell Keep, 72 siege of, 72 Arundel Cathedral, 73 Aspiks, 152 Avalon, Isle of, 11 Badbury, Berks, 31 Badbury Rings, Wimborne, 22, 23, 32 Badlesmere, Bartholomew, 148 Bailey, buildings in, 53 Bailey or Base Court, 53 Bakewell, 42 Baliol, Robert, 184 Balista, 192, 194, 196 stones, 192 Bamborough Castle, 41 description of, 93 Keep of, 94, 96 siege of, 93 wards of, 96 Banks, Sir John, and Lady, 139 Barbican, or ravelin, 67 Barnard Castle, the Keep, 106 Bartizans, 178, 180 Base Court or Bailey, 53 Basilisks, 152 Battlemented parapets, 41 Bayeux tapestry, 55 Beauchamp Tower, Tower of London, 135 Beaufort, Duke of, 142, 164 Beaumaris Castle, 122 _Bebban burh_ or Bamborough, 41 Bedford Castle, Shell Keep of, 200 siege of, 195 Beffroi, 81, 94, 198, 199