_Contraindications to bronchoscopy in disease_ do not exist if the bronchoscopy is really needed. Serious organic disease such as aneurysm, hypertension, advanced cardiac disease, might render bronchoscopy inadvisable except for the removal of foreign bodies. _Bronchoscopic Appearances in Disease_.--The first look should note the color of the bronchial mucosa, due allowance being made for the pressure of tubal contact, secretions, and the engorgement incident to continued cough. The carina trachealis normally moves slowly forward as well as downward during deep inspiration, returning quickly during expiration. Impaired movement of the carina indicates peritracheal and peribronchial pathology, the fixation being greatest in advanced cancer. In children and in the smaller tubes of the adult, the lengthening and dilatation of the bronchi during inspiration, and their shortening and contraction during expiration are readily seen. _Anomalies of the Tracheobronchial Tree_.--Tracheobronchial anomalies are relatively rare. Congenital esophagotracheal and esophagobronchial fistulae are occasionally seen, and cases of cervicotracheal fistulae have been reported. Congenital webs and diverticula of the trachea are cited infrequently. Laryngoptosis and deviation of the trachea may be congenital. Substernal goitre, aneurysm, malignant growths, and various mediastinal adenopathies may displace the trachea from its normal course. The emphysematous chest fixed in the deep voluntary inspiratory position produces in some cases an elevation of the superior thoracic aperture simulating laryngoptosis (Bibliography r, pp. 468, 594). _Compression Stenosis of the Trachea and Bronchi_.--Compression of the trachea is most commonly caused by goiter, substernal or cervical, aneurysm, malignancy, or, in children, by enlarged thymus. Less frequently, enlarged mediastinal tuberculous, leukemic, leutic or Hodgkin's glands compress the airway. The left bronchus may be stenosed by pressure from a hypertrophied cardiac auricle. Compression stenosis of the trachea associated with pulmonary emphysema accounts for the dyspnea during attacks of coughing. The endoscopic picture of compression stenosis is that of an elliptical or scabbard-shaped lumen when the bronchus is at rest or during inspiration. Concentric funnel-like compression stenosis, while rare, may be produced by annular growths.