Bronchoscopic view of posttracheotomic stenosis following a "plastic flap" tracheotomy done for acute edema. 13, Direct laryngoscopic view; anterolateral thymic compression stenosis in a child of eighteen months. Cured by thymopexy. 14, Indirect laryngoscopic (mirror) view; laryngostomy rubber tube in position in treatment of post-typhoid stenosis. 15, Direct view; posttyphoid stenosis after cure by laryngostomy. Dotted line shows place of excision for clearing out the anterior commissure to restore the voice. 16, Endoscopic view of posttracheotomic tracheal stenosis from badly placed incision and chondrial necrosis. Tracheotomy originally done for influenzal tracheitis. Cured by tracheostomy.] _Paralysis_.--Bilateral abductor laryngeal paralysis causes severe stenosis, and usually tracheotomy is urgently required. In cadaveric paralysis both cords are in a position midway between abduction and adduction, and their margins are crescentic, so that sufficient airway remains. Efforts to produce the cadaveric position of the cords by division or excision of a portion of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, have been failures. The operation of _ventriculocordectomy_ consists in removing a vocal cord and the portion or all of the ventricular floor by means of a punch forceps introduced through the direct laryngoscope. Usually it is better to remove only the portion of the floor anterior to the vocal process of the arytenoid. In some cases monolateral ventriculocordectomy is sufficient; in most cases, however, operation on both sides is needed. An interval of two months between operations is advisable to avoid adhesions. In almost all cases, ventriculocordectomy will result in a sufficient increase in the glottic chink for normal respiration. The ultimate vocal results are good. Evisceration of the larynx, either by the endoscopic or thyrotomic method, usually yields excellent results when no lesion other than paralysis exists. Only too often, however, the condition is complicated by the results of a faultily high tracheotomy. A rough, inflexible voice is ultimately obtained after this operation, especially if the arytenoid cartilage is unharmed. In recent bilateral recurrent paralysis, it may be worthy of trial to suture the recurrent to the pneumogastric. Operations on the larynx for paralytic stenosis should not be undertaken earlier than twelve months from the inception of the condition, this time being allowed for possible nerve regeneration, the patient being made safe and comfortable, meanwhile, by a low tracheotomy. _Ankylosis_.--Fixation of the crico-arytenoid joints with an approximation of the cords may require evisceration of the larynx. This, however, should not be attempted until after a year's lapse, and should be preceded by attempts to improve the condition by endoscopic bouginage, and by partial corking of the tracheotomic cannula.