[169] _Removal of Open Safety Pins from the Trachea and Bronchi_.-- Removal of a closed safety pin presents no difficulty if it is grasped at one or the other end. A grasp in the middle produces a "toggle and ring" action which would prevent extraction. When the safety pin is _open with the point downward_ care must be exercised not to override it with the bronchoscope or to push the point through the wall. The spring or near end is to be grasped with the side-curved or the rotation forceps (Figs. 19, 20 and 31) and pulled into the bronchoscope, thus closing the pin. An open safety pin lodged point up presents an entirely different and a very difficult problem. If traction is made without closing the pin or protecting the point severe and probably fatal trauma will be produced. The pin may be closed with the pin-closer as illustrated in Fig. 37, and then removed with forceps. Arrowsmith's pin-closer is excellent. Another method (Fig. 87) consists in bringing the point of the safety pin into the bronchoscope, after disengaging the point with the side curved forceps, by the author's "inward rotation" method. The forceps-jaws (Fig. 21) devised recently by my assistant, Dr. Gabriel Tucker, are ideal for this maneuver. As the point is now protected, the spring, seen just off the tube mouth, is best grasped with the rotation forceps, which afford the securest hold. The keeper and its shaft are outside the bronchoscope, but its rounded portion is uppermost and will glide over the tissues without trauma upon careful withdrawal of the tube and safety pin. Care must be taken to rotate the pin so that it lies in the sagittal plane of the glottis with the keeper placed posteriorly, for the reason that the base of the glottic triangle is posterior, and that the posterior wall of the larynx is membranous above the cricoid cartilage, and will yield. A small safety-pin may be removed by version, the point being turned into a branch bronchial orifice. No one should think of attempting the extraction of a safety pin lodged point upward without having practiced for at least a hundred hours on the rubber tube manikin. This practice should be carried out by anyone expecting to do endoscopy, because it affords excellent education of the eye and the fingers in the endoscopic manipulation of any kind of foreign body. Then, when a safety pin case is encountered, the bronchoscopist will be prepared to cope with its difficulties, and he will be able to determine which of the methods will be best suited to his personal equation in the particular case.