The caterpillar is very dark brown, with a white collar on the front of the second segment. It feeds in June and July on privet (_Ligustrum vulgare_) and the cultivated rose trees of flower gardens, and probably also on the dog rose (_Rosa canina_). When full grown it spins a silken cocoon in a fork of one of the twigs, and there undergoes its metamorphoses. _The Willow Beauty_ (_Boarmia gemmaria_) Our second example of the _Boarmiidae_ is the Willow Beauty, the male of which species is here illustrated. Its wings are brownish grey, marked with dark brown lines and streaks. The female is generally larger than the male, and has simple antennae. The moth is abundant throughout England, and may be seen generally resting on fences and trees in June and July. [Illustration: FIG. 180.--THE WILLOW BEAUTY.] The ground colour of the caterpillar is much the same as that of the moth, and is marked with a similar darker tint. It has a yellowish line along the spiracles, and is much like a piece of brownish twig. It feeds on the oak (_Quercus Robur_), Birch (_Betula alba_), ivy (_Hedera Helix_), and other trees, and may be found in September and October. Family--GEOMETRIDAE The next family contains eight moths, mostly of small size, all of which have green wings, and are popularly known as the 'Emeralds.' In most cases the male may be distinguished by its pectinated antennae. There is no general characteristic by which we may know all the larvae, but some have the head deeply notched. _The Large Emerald_ (_Geometra papilionaria_) This species is the largest of the family, and measures over two inches when its wings are expanded. The colour is dull green, with whitish bands and spots, the arrangement of which may be seen in our engraving. [Illustration: FIG. 181.--THE LARGE EMERALD.] The moth is out in July, and is common in most parts of England. The caterpillar feeds on birch (_Betula alba_), beech (_Fagus sylvatica_) and hazel (_Corylus avellana_) in the autumn, and hybernates while still young. In the spring it feeds again, and is full grown in June, when it changes to a chrysalis in a cocoon spun between leaves. _The Common Emerald_ (_Hemithea strigata_) One of the commonest of the Emeralds is _Strigata_, which may be found in June and July in all parts of England, as well as in some localities in Scotland and Ireland. Its wings are of a dull green colour, the front pair being slightly scalloped on the hind margin, and crossed by indistinct pale lines; and the hind pair are both scalloped and angled and crossed in the middle by a transverse pale line. The fringe is white, dotted with dull reddish brown. [Illustration: FIG. 182.--THE COMMON EMERALD.] The caterpillar is yellowish green, except the second, third, and fourth segments which are brownish. It feeds on oak (_Quercus Robur_) and whitethorn (_Crataegus oxyacantha_), and may be found in June. Family--EPHYRIDAE _The Maiden's Blush_ (_Zonosoma punctaria_)