University and college officers:--chancellor and vice-chancellor--the senate--graces--proctors--bedells--the master of a college--the vice-master or president--the fellows--unmarried and married fellows--the combination room--dons’ clubs--‘Hobson’s choice’--the dons of last century--classes of students:--scholar--pensioner--fellow-commoner--sizar--age of scholars--privileges of peers--position of the sizar--college quarters and expenses--‘non-colls’--early discipline--jurisdiction of the university in the town--present discipline:--the proctors--fines--‘halls’--‘chapels’--town lodgings--expulsion--rustication--‘gates’--the tutor--academical dress--cap and gown--the undergraduates’ day--the gyp--the college kitchen--‘hall’--‘wines’--teas--the May term--idleness--rioting--modern studies and tripos entries--athletics--the Union Society--Sunday at Cambridge--scarlet days--academic terms and the long vacation--multiplication of scholarships--class from which the academic population has been drawn and careers of university men:--the Church--the rise of an opulent middle class--the aristocratic era--English conception of the benefits of a university--examples of the classes from which the men have come--recruiting grounds of the university--popularity of colleges--numbers in the colleges--religion at Cambridge--Cambridge politics--university settlement at Camberwell--married dons and future changes. We have seen that it is of the essence of a university that it should be both a learned and a learning body, and that from the first the academic group consisted of “masters” or licensed teachers, and of scholars maintained on the college foundations. Contemporaneously with the growth of the college we find at the head of the university a chancellor, and at the head of the college its principal or “Master.”[318] [Sidenote: The chancellor.] A chancellor was originally a cathedral officer whose business it was to grant licences to teach.[319] His connexion with schools of learning seems to be due entirely to the authority which diocesans exercised in the granting of these licences, especially in the faculties of theology and canon law. It is then as a bishop’s officer that he makes his appearance at our universities; at Cambridge as the local officer of the Bishop of Ely, at Oxford as the local officer of the Bishop of Lincoln. “The chancellor and masters” of the university of Cambridge are first heard of together in Balsham’s rescript, in the year 1276;[320] but Henry III.’s [Sidenote: A.D. 1275-6.] letter to the university written six years earlier is [Sidenote: A.D. 1270.]