[pp. 189-201] Method of tuition at Cambridge--the lecture--the class--the weekly paper--the professorial chairs--readerships--lectureships--Lambeth degrees--degrees by royal mandate--honorary degrees--the “modern subjects”--and the idea of a university. A university differs from other scholastic institutions in conferring “degrees.” Having taught a man his subject it offers him a certificate that he in his turn is able to teach it: the “degree” originally signified nothing more nor less than the graduate’s competence to profess the faculty in which it was obtained. This certificate of proficiency referred to the “three faculties” of theology, law, and medicine, to which was added later “the liberal arts.” The titles of “master,” “doctor,” and “professor” were at first synonymous. A master was a doctor in his subject, capable of professing it. The title of “master,” however, clung to the faculty of arts, that of “doctor” to the three liberal or learned professions. The following degrees are now conferred: in arts, the bachelor and master (_B.A._, _M.A._); in divinity, the bachelor and doctor (_B.D._, _D.D._--formerly _S.T.P._, _sacrae theologiae professor_); in laws, bachelor, master and doctor (_LL.B._, _LL.M._, _LL.D._[259]); in medicine, bachelor and doctor (_M.B._, _M.D._); in music, bachelor, master, and doctor (_Mus.B._, _Mus.M._, _Mus.D._); in surgery, bachelor and master (_B.C._, _M.C._). Besides which a doctorate in science (_Sc.D._), and a doctorate in letters (_Litt.D._), are conferred on graduates in laws or in either of the last four faculties who have made some original contribution to the advancement of science or learning.[260] [Illustration: THE LAKE AND NEW BUILDINGS, EMMANUEL COLLEGE The building is known as the Hostel, and was erected between 1885 and 1894.] [Sidenote: The bachelor and exercises of the schools.] The title of bachelor originally marked the conclusion of a period of study; it was not a degree, and bestowed no faculty to teach. Here, as elsewhere, a bachelor was an apprentice or aspirant to another status or position; and he remained _in statu pupillari_ as he still is in theory to-day.[261]