When large and otherwise blank spaces of walls, either on fronts or towers, have to be relieved, it is frequently done by introducing stages of intersecting arcades--a fine example of which occurs at Castle Rising, in Norfolk. There is a peculiar kind of ornament which is used to relieve surfaces of blank spaces, either over the arches or the interior, or in the heads of window-porches, &c. This is frequently called _diaper work_, and consists either of lines cut in the stone in the form of a trellis, or in imitation of scale-work, arches, &c. A portion of a doorway from Durham Cathedral is engraved (_see p._ 215) as an example of rich Norman, and exhibits the peculiar mouldings and ornaments of the style. The dripstone shows a rude kind of foliage, on which are placed at intervals medallions containing animals, &c. It is not unusual for these to be occupied with the signs of the zodiac. The arch exhibits a rich series of zigzags; the abacus of the capitals is of the usual Norman form, but has its upright face ornamented with what is an imitation of a classical form, generally known as the Grecian honeysuckle. The capitals are of cushion shape, but overlaid with foliage and monstrous animals. The shapes exhibit two varieties of ornamentation, much used in very rich doorways. The first two are fluted spirally in opposite directions, and the third displays a kind of diaper work, being a modification of the zigzag, in which the interstices are filled with foliage. [Illustration: RICHARD I.] CHAPTER XXI. REIGN OF RICHARD I.: THE THIRD CRUSADE Richard's Show of Penitence--His Coronation--Massacre of the Jews--Results of the Second Crusade--Richard raises Money for the Third Crusade--The Regency--Departure for the Holy Land--The Sicilian Succession--The Quarrel concerning Joan's Dower--Richard's Prodigality--His Interview with the Monk, Joachim--Treachery of Philip, and Richard's Repudiation of Alice--Richard's Betrothal to Berengaria--Adventures on the Coast of Cyprus, and the Conquest of the Island--The Siege of Acre and its Fall--Dissension between Richard and Philip, and Return of the Latter to France--Massacre of Prisoners on Both Sides--The Battle of Azotus--Occupation of Jaffa--The Advance towards Jerusalem--Quarrels among the Crusaders, and Negotiations with Saladin--Chivalry of Saladin--Death of Conrad, and Charges brought against Richard--Last Advance upon Jerusalem--Battle of Jaffa--Truce with Saladin.