We have now arrived at the stage in which the beam has bifurcated, and almost all the more elaborate forms result from an excess in the development of both, or one or other, of the limbs of this bifurcation. In the Deer known as Elaphine--because they more or less resemble the Red Deer (_Cervus elaphus_)--the front of these two branches (the “tres”) does not increase or become complicated, whilst from the much-enlarged hind one the numerous sur-royals spring in the biggest species, such as the Wapiti, Cashmere, Red, and Barbary Deer, as well as the Maral, of Persia. In the smaller species which follow this type of structure the sur-royals are less developed, at the same time that the brow-antler does not split in two to form a “bez” as well, examples of which are to be seen in the Mantchurian, Formosan, and Japanese Deer, as well as in the Fallow Deer and its newly-discovered ally from Mesopotamia. These two last-named differ also in the “palmation” of their antlers--a peculiarity referred to further in the special description of the species. [Illustration: VARIOUS TYPES OF ANTLERS. (From the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_.)] The accompanying outline diagram represents the most important types of antlers, to one or other of which those of almost every known Deer can be referred. To facilitate future description, they may be named as follows:-- Fig. 1.--Rusine type. 2.--Normal Rucervine type. 3.--Intermediate Rucervine type. 4.--Extreme Rucervine type. 5.--Sub-elaphine type. 6.--Elaphine type. (A) Brow-tyne. (B) Tres-tyne. (C) Royal-tyne. The Rusine type (1), in which the brow-tyne (A) is simple, at the same time that the beam ends in a simple bifurcation, is found in the Sambur Deer (_Rusa Aristotelis_) of India. The Rucervine type, in which the bifurcate beam is further subdivided, tends to be prolonged in the direction of the tres-tyne (B), at the same time that there is a corresponding reduction of the royal (C). In Schomburgk’s Deer (_Rucervus Schomburgki_) of Siam, both branches of the beam are equally developed (2); in the Swamp Deer (_Rucervus Duvaucelli_) of India (3), the tres (B) is larger than the royal (C); whilst in Eld’s Deer (_Rucervus Eldi_) (4), of Burmah, there is but a small snag (C) at the back of the enormous tres-tyne (B) to represent the royal. The Red Deer (_Cervus elaphus_) (6), besides having the brow-tyne (A) re-duplicated, has the royal (C) developed at the expense of the tres (B), and much divided up in well-grown animals. In the Japanese Deer (_Cervus sika_) (5) and its allies the relative proportions of the tynes are much the same, although the brow-tyne (A) is simple. THE ELK, OR MOOSE DEER.[29]