be tied on the bride's neck. In the Bellary district, betel leaf and nuts are usually left at night behind the Madiga's house, in token of the invitation to the wedding. In the Godavari district, according to Mr. Hemingway, the Komati gives an order for a Madiga for palmyra leaf baskets before the marriage, and presents him with betel and nut when he brings the baskets. Still another account says that some of the Komatis, just before a marriage, leave in the backyard of Madiga houses a few pice and betel close to the cattle-pen, and that it is whispered that some Komatis use chuckler's (leather-worker's) tools, made in silver, for worship. It is also reported that chuckler's work is pretended to be gone through by some Komatis, after the completion of the marriage ceremonies, in the backyard of the house at dead of night, in the presence of caste-people only, and by preference under a danimma chettu (Punica Granatum: pomegranate). This is known as kulacharam, kuladharmam, or gotra puja (custom of the caste, or worship of the gotras). The figure of a cow is made of flour, and into its stomach they put a mixture of turmeric, lime, and water, called wokali. This, it has been suggested, is meant to represent blood. After the cow has been worshipped in due form, it is cut up with instruments made of flour, and intended to represent those used by cobblers. To each family is secretly sent that portion of the cow, which, according to custom, they are entitled to receive. Thus, the Kommala-varu receive the horns, the Gontula the neck, the Karakapala the hands and temples, the Thonti the hump, the Danta the teeth, the Veligollu the white nails, and so on. Major Mackenzie testified to the performance of this ceremony by the caste in Mysore in 1879, and it is recorded from different parts of the Madras Presidency. The flour, which is thus distributed, is known as nepasani mudda or nepasani unta. The ceremony is still performed in the city of Madras, on the night of the fifth day if the marriage lasts over seven days, or on the night of the third day if it lasts over five days. If the wedding ceremonies are completed in one day, the ceremony is performed even during the day time. The following details are performed. A brass vessel (kalasam) and a cocoanut are set up in the house, and the bride and bridegroom's parties arrange themselves on each side of it. The vessel is decorated, and the cocoanut is made to represent the face of a woman, with eyes, nose, mouth, etc., and adorned with jewelry, flowers, anilin and turmeric powder marks. A young man of the bridegroom's party worships the feet of all present. The flour cow is then made, cut up, and distributed. Cocoanuts are broken, and camphor is set on fire, and waved before the vessel. Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim states that families are known by the names of the various organs of the cow in the Godavari district. There is, he says, a story to the effect that some Komatis killed a cow-buffalo, which went about as