The Panos pay reverence to ancestors, to whom, when a death occurs in a family, food is offered. In some Pano villages, when a child is born, it is customary to consult a pujari (priest) as to whether the grandfather or great-grandfather is re-born in it. If the answer is in the affirmative, pigs are sacrificed to the ancestors. Some Panos have adopted the worship of Takuranis (village deities), to whom rice and turmeric are offered by placing them before the image in the form of a figure-of-eight. A fowl is sacrificed, and its blood allowed to flow on to one loop of the figure. In some places, Dharmadevata and Gagnasuni are worshipped, a castrated goat being sacrificed annually to the former, and fowls and an entire goat to the latter. Pano women, who live among the Khonds, tattoo their faces in like manner, and in other respects resemble Khond women. I am informed that, on more than one occasion, Panos have been known to rifle the grave of a European, in the belief that buried treasure will be found. Panta (a crop).--A sub-division of Kapu and Yanadi. In the Gazetteer of South Arcot, Pan Reddi is recorded as a caste of Telugu-speaking ryots (Kapus). Pantala.--Recorded, in Travancore, as a sub-division of Samantan. The name is said to be derived from Bhandarattil, or belonging to the royal treasury. Pantari.--Recorded, in the Travancore Census Report, as synonymous with the Idacheri sub-division of Nayar. Pantrantu Vitan is also there recorded as a sub-division of Nayar. Pappadam.--People calling themselves Pappadam Chetti are largely found in Malabar, living by the manufacture and sale of cakes called pappadam, which are purchased by all classes, including Nambutiri Brahmans. Pappini.--A name for Brahmanis, a class of Ambalavasi. Pappu (split pulse).--An exogamous sept of Balija. Paradesi.--Recorded, in the Madras Census Report, 1901, as a class of Malayalam beggars. The name indicates strangers (paradesa, a foreign country), and is applied to the White Jews of Cochin, in connection with whom it occurs in Sirkar (State) accounts and royal writs granted to them. Paraiya Tada.--Recorded, in the North Arcot Manual, as a name for those who are considered impure Valluvans. The name literally means Paraiya Tadan or Dasari. Paraiyan.--The Paraiyans or, as they are commonly termed, Pariahs of the Tamil country number, according to recent census returns, over two million souls, and a large proportion of those who returned themselves as Native Christians are said also to belong to this class. For the following note I am mainly indebted to an account of the Paraiyans by the Rev. A. C. Clayton. [48]