such a manner that they are defiled with the spittle." Paraiyans are to be found throughout the Tamil districts from North Arcot to Tinnevelly, and in the southern extremity of the Native State of Travancore. In the Telugu country the Malas and Madigas and in the Canarese country the Holeyas take their place. Some of the most common names of Paraiyan males are-- Kanni or Kanniyappan. Raman or Ramaswami. Raju. Velu. Muttan. Mari. Kanagan. Subban. Nondi. Tambiran. Perumal. Viran. Sellan. Amavasi. Among females the most common names are Tai, Parpathi, Ammai, Kanni, Muttammal, Rajammal, Ammani, Selli, Gangammal. In one village, where the Paraiyans were almost all Vaishnavas, by profession not by practice, Mr. Clayton found the inhabitants all named after heroes of the Mahabharata, and dirty naked children answered to the names of Ikshvakan, Karnan, Bhiman, and Draupadi. It is usual to give the father's name when distinguishing one Paraiyan from another, e.g., Tamburan, son of Kannan. In legal documents the prefix Para denotes a Paraiyan, e.g., Para Kanni, the Paraiyan Kanni, but this is a purely clerical formula. The Paraiyan delights in nicknames, and men sometimes grow so accustomed to these that they have almost forgotten their real names. The following nicknames are very common :-- Nondi, lame. Kallan, thief. Kullan, dwarf. Vellei, white or light complexioned. Kannan, with eyes. Muthalai, crocodile. Kudiyan, drunkard. No name, indicating virtue or merit, is given, lest the wrath of malevolent spirits should be aroused. At the census, 1891, 348 sub-divisions were returned, of which the following were strongest in point of numbers :--Amma found chiefly in Tanjore and Madura; Katti in Salem and Trichinopoly; Kizhakkatti (eastern) in Salem; Koliyan (weavers) in Chingleput, Tanjore and Trichinopoly; Konga in Salem; Korava in Coimbatore; Kottai (fort) in South Arcot; Morasu (drum) in Salem; Mottai in Madura; Pacchai (green) in Coimbatore; Samban in South Arcot; Sangidum (sanku, conch, or chank shell) in Coimbatore; Sozhia (natives of the Sozha or Chola country) in Tanjore and Madura; Tangalan in North and South Arcot, Chingleput, Salem, and Trichinopoly; and Valangamattu in South Arcot. The members of the various sub-divisions do not intermarry. It has been suggested to me that the Morasu Paraiyans, included in the above list, are Canarese Holeyas, who have settled in the Tamil country. In the south their women, like the Kallans, wear a horsehair thread round the neck. As additional sub-divisions, the following may be noted :-- Aruththukattatha, or those who, having once cut the tali-string, do not tie it a second time, i.e., those who do not permit remarriage of widows. Valai (a net).--Paraiyans who hunt. Sanku (conch-shell).--Those who act as conch-blowers at funerals.