who is worshipped before the light is waved. The Karappuram Unnis, unlike the other septs of their class, are mostly agriculturists. The Unnis are all Smartas, but a partiality for Bhadrakali is manifested by the Tiyattunnis and Brahmanis. All social matters among the Unnis are superintended by Nambutiri Brahmans, but, in all that directly touches the social well-being, their own headmen are the judges. Before entering a Pushpaka's house for the observation of any ceremony, the Nambutiris insist upon the performance of punyaha. Though the superiority of Ilayatus is acknowledged, they are never employed by the Pushpakas for priestly functions. The Ilayatus are believed to have once been the priests of the Nattu Pattars, though at the present time learned men from their own sept are employed for this purpose. The punyaha is, however, performed through the agency of Nambutiris. The priests of the Nambiyassans, Tiyattunnis, and Brahmanis are Ilayatus. Adult marriage prevails, twelve being the earliest age of a girl when she ceases to be single. On the evening of the day before the wedding, the bride has a ceremonial bath, and performs the ceremony of growing a jasmine shoot, the flowers of which she should cull and present as an offering to the deity. On the marriage day, the bridegroom's party arrives in procession at the house of the bride, who awaits them with her face covered, and holding a brass mirror and garland of flowers in her hands. Her veil is removed, and the contracting couple gaze at each other. At the auspicious hour their hands are joined, and other items of the marriage rites carried out. In connection with a Pushpaka marriage, ammana attam or tossing of metal balls, kaikottikali or the circular dance, and yatrakali are among the amusements indulged in. Divorce was common among the Pushpakas in bygone days, but, at the present time, the marriage tie is usually permanent, and it is only after the first husband's death that cloths may be received from a Malayala Brahman in token of sambandham (alliance). The Brahmanis, however, have not given up the practice of divorce. Nambiyassans, Puppallis, Pattar Unnis, and Brahmanis follow the marumakkattayam system of inheritance (through the female line), while the Pushpakas and Tiyattunnis are makkattayis, and follow the law of inheritance from father to son. The offspring of a Brahmani by a Pushpaka woman are regarded as issue in a makkattayam family. As is the custom among the Nambutiris, only the eldest son marries, the other sons remaining as snatakas, and contracting alliances with Nayar women. The Illam Nayars, however, do not give their daughters to the Unnis.