or two bullocks, which refers to the use of two bullocks in working the mill. This separation of those who use two bullocks from those who employ only one is found in nearly every oil-pressing caste in India. The Vaniyans of Malabar resemble the Nayars in their customs and habits, and neither wear the sacred thread, nor employ Brahmans as priests. In North Malabar, Nayars are polluted by their touch, but in the south, where they are called Vattakadans, they have succeeded in forcing themselves into the ranks of the Nayar community. A large number of them returned Nayar as their main caste." In this connection, Mr. Francis states [110] that followers of the calling of oil-pressers (Chakkans) are "known as Vattakadans in South Malabar, and as Vaniyans in North Malabar; but the former are the higher in social status, the Nayars being polluted by the touch of the Vaniyans and Chakkans but not by that of the Vattakadans. Chakkans and Vaniyans may not enter Brahman temples. Their customs and manners are similar to those of the Nayars, who will not, however, marry their women." Of the Vaniyans of Cochin, it is stated in the Cochin Census Report, 1901, that "they are Vaisyas, and wear the sacred thread. In regard to marriage, inheritance, ceremonies, dress, ornaments, etc., there is practically no difference between them and the Konkanis. But, as they do not altogether abstain from meat and spirituous liquors, they are not allowed free access to the houses of Konkanis, nor are they permitted to touch their tanks and wells. They are Saivites. They have their own priests, who are called Panditars. They observe birth and death pollution for ten days, and are like Brahmans in this respect. They are mostly petty merchants and shop-keepers. Some can read and write Malayalam, but they are very backward in English education." The oils expressed by the Vaniyans are said to be "gingelly (Sesamum indicum), cocoanut, iluppei (Bassia longifolia), pinnei (Calophyllum inophyllum), and ground-nut (Arachis hypogæa). According to the sastras the crushing of gingelly seeds, and the sale of gingelly oil, are sinful acts, and no one, who does not belong to the Vaniyan class, will either express or sell gingelly oil." [111] When a Vaniyan dies a bachelor, a post-mortem mock ceremony is performed as by the Ganigas, and the corpse is married to the arka plant (Calotropis gigantea), and decorated with a wreath made of the flowers thereof. Vankayala (brinjal or egg plant: Solanum Melongena).--An exogamous sept of Golla. The fruit is eaten by Natives, and, stuffed with minced meat, is a common article of Anglo-Indian dietary. Vanki (armlet).--A gotra of Kurni.