a divorced woman has to pay twelve rupees, known as moganaltappu, or new husband's fine. The divorced woman has to return all the jewellery which was given to her by her former husband. The dead are cremated, and a man of the washerman caste usually assists in igniting the pyre. There is an annual ceremony in memory of the dead, at which the house is cleaned, and purified with cow-dung. A meal on a more than usually liberal scale is cooked, and incense and camphor are burnt before the entrance to the house. Food is then offered to the dead, who are invoked by name, and the celebrants of the rite partake of a hearty meal. The usual caste titles are Naidu and Setti. Yeddula (bulls).--An exogamous sept of Boya and Kapu. Yedu Madala (seven madalas).--The name of a section of Upparas, indicating the amount of the bride-price. A madala is equivalent to two rupees. Yelka Meti (good rat).--An exogamous sept of Boya. Yemme.--Yemme, Emme, or Yemmalavaru, meaning buffalo or buffalo people, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Bedar or Boya, Kurni, Kuruba, Madiga, and Vakkaliga. Yenne (oil).--A sub-division of Ganiga. Yenuga.--Yenuga or Yenigala, meaning elephant, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Kapu, the members of which will not touch ivory. Yenumala.--Yenumala or Yenamaloru, meaning buffalo or buffalo people, has been recorded as an exogamous sept of Balija, Boya, Madiga, and Odde. Yeravallar.--See Eravallar. Yerlam.--A division of Kapus, so called after a Brahman girl named Yerlamma, who was excommunicated for not being married, and bore children to a Kapu. Yerra (red).--A sub-division of Golla and Kapu, and an exogamous sept of Devanga. Yerudandi.--See Erudandi. Yogi Gurukkal.--The Yogi Gurukkals are described in the Madras Census Report, 1891, as "a Malayalam-speaking beggar caste. They are also priests in Kali temples, and pial schoolmasters. They bury their dead in a sitting posture (like Sanyasis)." The pial, it may be noted, is a raised platform under the verandah, or on either side of the door of a house, in which village schools are held. The Yogi Gurukkals are scattered about Malabar, and their chief occupation seems to be the performance of worship to Kali or Durga. They officiate as priests for Mukkuvans and Tiyans. Among the Mukkuvans, puja (worship) to Kali at the annual festival has to be done by a Yogi Gurukkal, whereas, on ordinary occasions, it may be done by a Mukkuvan, provided that he has been initiated by a Yogi Gurukkal. In their customs, the Yogi Gurukkals closely follow the Nayars. It is recorded, in the Gazetteer of Malabar, that "the Yogi Gurukkals of North Malabar are a caste which, though low in the social scale, is not regarded as conveying distance pollution. They perform sakti puja in their own houses, to which no one outside the caste is allowed to attend; they also perform it for Nayars and Tiyans. They are celebrated sorcerers and exorcists, and are also schoolmasters by profession."