[21] Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women. [22] Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling. [23] There must in all be five or seven females. [24] The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival. [25] Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride. [26] An Indian Olio. [27] The washerman of the Nambutiris and Nayars is called Veluthedan. [28] Nayars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans. [29] The number twelve, so significant in Malabar. [30] Nasrani (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast. [31] Indian Review, Oct. 1906. [32] The Todas. 1906. [33] Ney = ghi or clarified butter. [34] Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills. [35] Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907. [36] See Madras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII. [37] Average 73. [38] Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738. [39] R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901. [40] Ind. Ant., III, 1874. [41] Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832. [42] Op. cit. [43] A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873. [44] J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873. [45] Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901. [46] I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikara bungalow. [47] Op. cit. [48] Ellis. History of Madagascar. [49] Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856. [50] Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904. [51] "Puzhutkina--Shall I throw earth?" Rivers. [52] Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name. [53] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar. [54] Gazetteer of the Anantapur district. [55] A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904. [56] Cf. Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal. [57] Madras Mail, 1906. [58] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer. [59] Madras Census Report, 1891. [60] Manual of the Madura district. [61] Gazetteer of the Madura district. [62] Manual of the Madura district. [63] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879. [64] Ibid. [65] Manual of the North Arcot district. [66] History of Travancore, 1878. [67] Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900. [68] Madras Census Report, 1891. [69] Manual of the Madura district. [70] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district. [71] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district. [72] Cf. Nayadi. [73] Native Life in Travancore, 1883. [74] Monograph, Eth. Survey, Cochin, No. 9, 1906. [75] Manual of the Malabar district. [76] Manual of the North Arcot district. [77] Archæolog. Survey of India. Annual Report, 1902-1903.