treat her as their sister. Cheraman Perumal confirmed his promise, and granted the following privileges to the Kammalans:-- 1. To make ceilings for their houses. 2. To make upstairs houses to live in. 3. To put up single staircases, consisting of one pole, in which notches are cut, or pegs are stuck alternately, for the feet. 4. To have a gate-house. 5. To perform the tali-tying ceremonies of their girls in a booth having four posts or supports; to place within it, on a stool, a looking-glass with a handle, and the Ramayana; and to place a silk cloth on the girl's head. 6. To do arpu at the conclusion of the tali-tying ceremony (Vel! Arpu! is yelled out by the boys). 7. To cook rice in copper vessels on occasions of marriage and other ceremonies, and to serve sugar and pappadams at their feasts. 8. To hold the umbrella and taza (a sort of umbrella), which are carried in front of processions. 9. To clap hands, and dance. 10. To keep milch-cows for their own use. Permission was further granted for the Kammalans to wear the following ornaments. 1. Netti-pattam, worn on the forehead during the tali-tying ceremony. 2. Ananthovi, a ear ornament named after Anandan, the endless, the serpent on which Vishnu reposes. The serpent is sometimes represented with its tail in its mouth, forming a circle, an endless figure. Ananthovi is the central pendant of the ear-ring worn by Tiyan women among their kathila (ordinary gold ear-rings). It resembles a serpent in form. It is worn by men of the Tiyan and artisan castes on special occasions. 3. Waist zone or girdle. 4. Bracelets. 5. Anklet with two knobs, formed of two pieces screwed together. 6. Puli-mothiram, or tiger's claws mounted in gold, worn by children. 7. Podippu, a knot of cotton-thread at the end of the string on which coins are hung as ornaments. 8. Kalanchi, a gold knob above the podippu, which represents a flower. 9. Necklace. 10. Edakam and madkam-tali, neck ornaments, in one of which are set twenty-one stones. 11. Cotton thread above the gold thread on the neck. The Perumal conferred like privileges upon the family (Tiruvarankath) of the Panan who brought back the Kammalans. He wore all his ornaments, and made his obeisance to the Perumal. He had, however, taken off his gold cap. The Perumal said "What you have removed, let it be removed." So he lost the privilege of wearing a gold cap. The Perumal blessed the Kammalans, and they returned to their villages. They made a separate house for the Izhuva boy and the Variar girl, and maintained them. The Izhuva boy, who was the first Tiyan to come to Malabar, brought with him the cocoanut, and retained the right to cultivate and use it. To this day, the people of the serf castes--Cherumans, Kanakans, and the like--use the word Varian when addressing Tiyans, in reference to their descent from the Variar girl.