_Answer._ A coal shovel, coal pick, long-handled hoe[107] and poker, a pair of jacks, either screw or hydraulic, chains, rope and twine to be used in case of accident, a heavy pinch-bar for moving the engine, a small crow-bar, oil-cans with short and long spouts and another smaller one with spring bottom, a steel and a copper hammer, a cold and a cape chisel, a hand-saw, axe and hatchet, one large and one small monkey-wrench and a full assortment of solid wrenches for the bolts and nuts of the engine, cast iron plugs for plugging tubes, with a bar for inserting them, two sheet iron pails or buckets, different colored lanterns and flags, according to the colors used for signals on the line, and a box with a half-dozen torpedoes. [107] These are of course not needed on wood-burning engines. QUESTION 471. _What duplicate parts should be carried with the engine?_ _Answer._ Keys, bolts and nuts for connecting-rods, split-keys, wedge bolts, bolts for oil-cellars of driving and truck boxes, driving and truck spring-hangers, wooden blocks for fastening guides in case of accident, blocks for driving-boxes and links, a half-dozen ³⁄₄-in. bolts, from six inches to two feet long, to be used in case of accident, two extra water-gauge glasses, two glass head-light chimneys. QUESTION 472. _What should be observed in lubricating a locomotive or any other machinery?_ _Answer._ The most important thing to observe is that the oil reaches the surface to be lubricated. It is of much greater importance that the lubricant should reach the right place than that a large quantity should be used. A few drops carefully introduced on a journal will do much more good than a large quantity poured on the part carelessly. For this reason all oil-cups and oil-holes should be kept clean so as to form a free passage for the oil. PART XXVII. RUNNING LOCOMOTIVES. QUESTION 473. _Before starting the fire in a locomotive, what must be observed?_ _Answer._ It must always be noticed, before kindling the fire, whether the boiler has the requisite quantity of water in it; that all cinders, clinkers and ashes are removed from the grates and ash-pan; that the grates and drop-door are properly fastened, and that the throttle-valve is closed and the lever secured. Locomotive boilers are sometimes seriously injured by building a fire in them when there is no water in the boiler. In filling a boiler it must be remembered, however, that when the water is heated it will expand, and that when bubbles of steam are formed they will mix with the water and thus increase its volume, so that after the water is heated its surface will be considerably higher than when it is cold. QUESTION 474. _How should the fire in a locomotive be started?_