The arctic animals are also absent from the numerous bone-caves and bone breccias of Provence and Mentone. The pleistocene fauna of Provence consists, according to M. Marion,[245] of the spotted hyæna, and lion, _Elephas antiquus_ or straight-tusked elephant, _Rhinoceros hemitœchus_, wild-boar, urus, stag, horse, and rabbit. The breccias in the island of Ratonneau have also furnished the porcupine, brown bear, and tailless hare. Man is proved to have been living in the district at the time by the discovery of perforated and cut bones, in the cave of Rians. The fissures and caves of Mentone, explored by Mr. Moggridge[246] in 1871, and subsequently by M. Rivière, contained a fauna composed, according to Prof. Busk, of the following species:-- Marmot. Field-vole. Lion. Panther. Lynx. Wild-cat. Spotted hyæna. Wolf. Fox. Brown bear. Cave-bear. Roe. Stag. Ibex. Urus. Horse. Wild-boar. _Rhinoceros hemitœchus._ Along with these were large quantities of charcoal and flint flakes, which proved that man had inhabited the district while the deposits were being formed. Mr. Moggridge gives the following account of the results of his exploration:--[247] “The caves of the red rocks, half a mile out of Mentone, are in lofty rocks of jurassic limestone on the shore of the Mediterranean, and at an average height of 100 feet above that sea, the rocks themselves attaining an elevation of 260 feet. They have now been repeatedly rifled by the learned or the curious; but when the principal cave (Cavillon) was nearly intact, the author made a section of it from the modern or highest floor, down to the solid rock. There were five floors formed in the earth by long-continued trampling; on each, and near the centre, were marks of fire, around which broken bones and flints were abundant, except upon the lowest, where but few bones occurred, and no flints. The bones were those of animals still existing. Few implements were found, but many chips of flint, some cores and stones used as hammers. Perhaps this cave was used as a place for manufacturing flints, which must have been carried from their native bed, distant about one mile.