The elevation of the African moraines above the sea, of about 6,000 feet and upwards, is nearly the same as those of Asia Minor. If the mountains of the Atlas, Lazistan, and Lebanon shared in the upward movement of the Mediterranean area, the addition of 3,000 feet to the height could not fail to leave marks behind of the low temperature thereby caused. It is very probable, that during the time the Mediterranean was reduced to two land-locked seas, these mountains were covered with snow-fields, and constituted the ice-sheds of glaciers. From the range of the mammalia we have inferred the existence of land barriers, extending across from Africa to Spain and Italy, and from Candia to Greece, and their actual existence beneath the sea has been proved by soundings, which necessitate an elevation of from 400 to 500 fathoms to bring them above the sea-level. We have also seen that the higher mountains, which most probably participated in this upward movement, bear traces of a lower temperature in the moraines of the Atlas and Lazistan. The hypothesis of such an elevation during the pleistocene age may therefore be taken to be proved so far as it explains two widely different classes of facts, the distribution of the mammals and the existence of glaciers where they are now unknown. The physical condition of the Mediterranean area, in the pleistocene age, may be summed up as follows. The mainland of Africa extended northwards to join Europe, in the direction of Gibraltar and Italy. The islands of Malta and Sicily were hilly plateaux, overlooking an undulatory plain. Corsica and Sardinia were joined to Italy, Majorca and Minorca to Spain, Candia to Peloponese, and Cyprus to Asia Minor. The area now occupied by the Adriatic Sea constituted the lower valley of the Po, and the Archipelago was a plain studded with volcanic cones; and at the same time glaciers crowned the higher mountains of northern Africa and of Asia Minor. The substitution of land for a stretch of sea, in the Mediterranean, could not fail to cause the summer heat to be more intense in the region to the north than at the present time, while the increased elevation would produce a greater severity of winter cold, as Mr. Godwin Austen has pointed out in the case of the hills of Devonshire. When, indeed, we consider that the pleistocene land surface extended from the snowy heights of Atlas, as far north as the 100-fathom line off the coast of Ireland, we might expect to find African animals, such as the spotted hyæna and _Felis caffer_, ranging as far north as Yorkshire, for the only barrier to their migration would be that offered by the severity of a pleistocene winter. _Mediterranean Coast-line comparatively modern._