The northern group consists of those animals which are now only to be met with in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere, either in low latitudes or at great altitudes. Marmot. Pouched Marmot. Lemming. Alpine Hare. Tailless Hare. Glutton. Arctic Fox. Musk-sheep. Reindeer. Ibex. Chamois. To this list the palæolithic man of the caves must be added, since he is probably related by blood to the Eskimos, and appeared in Europe simultaneously with the arctic group of animals. The testimony of these animals as to climate is directly opposed to that of the preceding group, since they now only flourish in the arctic regions, or in mountainous districts in which the climate is severe. The marmot, in the pleistocene age, lived in Belgium, and descended from the Alpine heights as far as the shores of the Mediterranean, where it has been met with in the caverns near Nice. The pouched marmot, _Spermophilus citillus_ of the Don and Volga, penetrated as far to the west as Somersetshire. The Alpine hare, now found only in the colder climates of northern Europe, Asia, and America (with the solitary exception of Ireland), ranged as far down the valley of the Rhine as Schussenreid, in Suabia. The two carnivores now dwelling in the colder regions of the north, the glutton or wolverine, and the arctic fox, have been discovered, the one as far south as France, the other as far as Schussenreid, and both probably occupied the whole of Germany, and of northern Russia, in the pleistocene age. The musk-sheep,[260] the most arctic in its habit of all the herbivores, is, at the present time, restricted to the high latitudes of North America, where it thrives in the desolate, treeless, barren grounds, not even being driven from its haunts by the extreme severity of the winter. It has been traced, by its fossil remains, from its present abode, across Behring’s Straits, and through the vast Siberian steppes, into Russia in Europe, Germany, Britain, and as far south and west as the barrier offered by the Pyrenees. Throughout this large area its remains occur in association with the reindeer, and both these animals, as I have remarked above, were hunted by the palæolithic dwellers in the caves of Aquitaine, just as they are now hunted by the Eskimos on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.