Such extremes of temperature are presented, more or less, by all continents extending from high to low latitudes. They are modified in Europe at the present time by the warm current of the Gulf Stream, by the large area now occupied by the Mediterranean Sea, and by the submergence of the pleistocene lowlands on the Atlantic border. _The Temperate Group._ The third group of pleistocene mammalia consists of those still living in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia, and America: Beaver. Hare. Rabbit. Wild Cat. Martin. Stoat. Weasel. Otter. Brown Bear. Grizzly Bear. Wolf. Fox. Horse. Urus. Bison. _Antelope saiga._ Wild Boar. Stag. Roe. The range of many of these animals has been profoundly modified since the pleistocene age. The _Antelope saiga_ of the Don and Volga lived as far to the west as Aquitaine. The grizzly bear, instead of being restricted to its American habitat in the Rocky Mountains, ranged over the whole of Siberia into Europe, as far to the south as the Mediterranean, and westwards as far as Gibraltar. The urus[263] still lives in the larger domestic cattle, and the bison is represented in Europe by those which are protected by the forest laws of Lithuania, and in North America by the vast herds which are rapidly being exterminated, like the red Indian, by the rifles of the settlers. The horse was as abundant, and as widely spread over Europe, as the urus and the bison; according to Prof. Brandt it now no longer lives in Siberia in a wild state. _Species common to Cold and Tropical Climates._ The panther or leopard, which has been found alike in Britain, France, and Germany, has at the present day a most extended range through Africa, from Barbary to the Cape of Good Hope, and throughout Persia into Siberia. In this latter country Dr. Gothelf Fischer describes it as living in the same districts in the Altai Mountains, and in Soongaria, as the tiger. The fox and wolf are like instances of carnivores being able to endure great variations in temperature without being specifically modified. These three animals, therefore, tell us nothing as to the pleistocene climate. _Extinct Species._ The extinct pleistocene species may also be divided into the same classes as the living, by an appeal to their geographical distribution. Two out of the three species of rhinoceros found in the caves (_R. megarhinus_ and _R. hemitœchus_), and an elephant with slightly curved tusks (_E. antiquus_), had their head-quarters south of the Alps and Pyrenees, whence they wandered northward as far as the latitude of Yorkshire. The pigmy elephant and the dwarf hippopotamus are peculiar to the south, and the _Machairodus latidens_, or large sabre-toothed felis, is a survival, from the pleiocene age, of a peculiarly southern type.