_Relation of Palæolithic Man to Glacial Period._ What then is the relation of the palæolithic hunter of reindeer in France and Britain to the glacial period? Is he pre- or postglacial? The only evidence on the point is that offered by the associated mammalia which occupied France, Germany, and Britain before and after the point of minimum temperature was reached in these latitudes. Man may have inhabited the caves not merely of France, but of Devonshire and Somerset, at any time during that long period. The position of the palæolithic refuse-heap discovered by Prof. Fraas at Schussenreid, resting on a moraine of the extinct glacier of the Rhine, proves that the palæolithic Eskimos lived in Suabia after the retreat of the glacier when the temperature became warmer, towards the close of the pleistocene age or in the later glacial stage. The same conclusion has been arrived at by Mr. Prestwich as to the sojourn of palæolithic man (of the river-bed type) in Bedfordshire and Suffolk, the gravels in which the implements are found being of a later age than the boulder-clay of those districts. We have therefore proof that man lived in Germany and Britain after the maximum glacial cold had passed away, and we may also infer with a high degree of probability that he migrated into Europe along with the pleistocene mammalia in the preglacial age. _Test of age of contents of caves in Glaciated Districts._ The probable date of the introduction of the contents into ossiferous caves in glaciated areas may be ascertained by an examination of the river deposits. If the animals found in the caves inhabited the surrounding country after the melting of the ice, their remains will occur in the postglacial gravels. If they are not found, it may be inferred that they had retreated from the district, before the latter were deposited. It is obvious that they could not have lived in any district while it was covered with ice or by the sea. It may therefore be concluded that their remains in the caves were most probably introduced before the glacial conditions had set in. Preglacial deposits in a cavern would be protected from the grinding of the ice-sheet, the action of the waves in the depression, and re-elevation of the land, and the subsequent glacial erosion which would inevitably destroy nearly all the fluviatile ossiferous strata. By this test the pleistocene strata in the Victoria Cave, near Settle, may be considered preglacial, as well as the hyæna-den at Kirkdale, which has always been referred by Prof. Phillips to that age. If this be allowed, the small fragment of human bone found by the Settle Cave Exploration Committee in the former cave in 1872 establishes the fact that man lived in Yorkshire before the glacial period. The man to whom it belonged was probably devoured by the hyænas which dragged into their den the woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, and other creatures whose gnawed bones were strewn on the floors. CHAPTER XII. CONCLUSION.