It has also made large additions to the history of the sojourn of man in Europe. We find a hunting and fishing race of cave-dwellers, in the remote pleistocene age, in possession of France, Belgium, Germany, and Britain, probably of the same stock as the Eskimos, living and forming part of a fauna, in which northern and southern, living and extinct, species are strangely mingled with those now living in Europe. In the neolithic age caves were inhabited, and used for tombs, by men of the Iberian or Basque race, which is still represented by the small, dark-haired, peoples of western Europe. They were rarely used in the bronze age. When we arrive within the borders of history in Britain, we find them offering shelter to the Brit-Welsh flying from their enemies after the ruin of the Roman empire, and throwing great light on the fragmentary records of those obscure times. In treating of these questions, it has been necessary to discuss problems of deep and varied interest to the ethnologist, physicist, and historian, some of which have been partially solved, while others await the light of the higher knowledge which will be the fruit of a wider experience. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I.--P. 30. ON THE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF CAVE-HUNTING. Instruments used in Cave-hunting.--The Search after Bone-caves.-- The three modes of Cave-digging.--Stalagmitic Floors to be broken up.--Preservation of Fossil Bones. _Instruments used in Cave-hunting._ The instruments which Mr. James Parker, Mr. Ayshford Sanford and myself have found most valuable in cave-hunting, apart from the tools of the workman, are as follow:-- 1. A hammer with an ash handle about twenty inches long, inserted into a square head of best steel, ending in a chisel edge in the same plane as the handle, weighing almost eight ounces, and seven inches in length. 2. A steel chisel ten inches long. 3. A prismatic compass. 4. A thermometer for taking the temperatures of the air and water. 5. An aneroid. 6. A steel measuring tape. 7. Abney’s patent level which is used for laying down datum-line for plan, as well as for taking the dips and angles. In making a plan we have found it useful to mark the datum-line by a stout string or wire and to measure from it as the work proceeds, indicating on the sides and floor of the cave the points of measurement, with paint or wooden pegs.