It was not till the end of the eighth century, when the ravages of the Danes and their repeated destruction of the churches by fire showed the great insecurity of these wooden buildings, that they began, when reconstructed, to be built of stone, and the _cloicteach_, or stone belfry, was then added to the ecclesiastical buildings. Of the repeated destruction of the wooden buildings by fire the Irish Annals afford sufficient evidence, and that the _cloicteachs_ were added through fear of the Danes, is probable from the evidence that they were not only used as belfries, but also as places of safety both for the monks and for the valuables in possession of the monasteries.[119] The stone churches were termed _Damhliag_, and are usually rendered in Latin by ‘templum,’ ‘ecclesia,’ and ‘basilica.’[120] In an ancient tract of Brehon laws, which treats of the different stipends given to artificers for their labours, there is a statement of the payments to be made to the _Ollamh Saer_, or master builder, who was required to be equally skilled in the art of building in stone and in wood, which well brings out the distinction between the modes of constructing these buildings. In this document we are told that he was to be paid ‘for the two principal branches of the art as from the beginning, that is, stone building and wood building, the most distinguished of these branches to remain as formerly—viz., the _Daimhliag_ and the _Duirthech_. Twelve cows to him for these, that is, six cows for each.’[121] Attached to the _Duirthech_ was usually a small side building termed _Erdam_, or in Latin ‘exedra,’ which was used as a sacristy.[122] There was also a somewhat larger house which was the refectory, or common eating-hall, termed the _Proinntigh_, and in connection with it a _Coitchenn_, or kitchen, and when there was a stream of water fit for the purpose there was a _Muilinn_, or mill, and in connection with it a stone kiln for drying the corn. The _Ollamh Saer_ was also to receive ‘six cows for _coicthigis_, or kitchen-building, and six cows for _muilleoracht_, or mill-building.’ Somewhat apart from the cells of the monks were the abbot’s house and the house set apart for the reception of guests, called the _Tighaoid-headh_, or ‘hospitium,’ and these two were of wood, as appears from the numerous notices in the Annals of those buildings being burnt by the Danes;[123] while the _Ollamh Saer_ is to receive ‘two cows for houses of rods.’ The whole of these buildings were protected by a circumvallation, sometimes of earth, or of earth and stone, termed the _Rath_, or _Lios_, and in Latin ‘vallum,’ at others of stone, or of earth faced with stone, and termed _Caiseal_, the remains of which still exist in connection with several of these foundations.[124]