He possessed a house but no land in property. The land required for the support of seven cows was termed a Cow-land, and he left one cow at the end of the year in payment for it. He had the fourth part of a plough, and therefore his possession with the arable land attached to it formed probably the fourth part of a ploughgate, or thirty acres, equivalent to the husbandland in Scotland. The next higher grade was the tenant resident (_Aithech ar athreba_). He represented a small community of four or five, occupying jointly as much land and possessing in common as much stock as would entitle a single person to be a _Boaire_. He had ten cows, ten pigs, ten sheep, but, like the _Ogaire_, the fourth part of ploughing apparatus, which is here defined to be an ox or ploughshare, a goad, and a bridle. He was so named as occupying a part only of as much land as would entitle him to be called a _Boaire_ along with others, the joint possession being sufficient for the purpose. Above him was the _Boaire febhsa_, so called ‘because it is from cows his rank as an _Aire_ and his honor price are derived.’ He had land of the value of twice seven _Cumhals_, or forty-two cows. He had a house with a back house or kitchen, a share in a mill, a kiln, a barn, a sheephouse, a calf-house, and a pigstye. These are the seven houses from which each _Boaire_ was rated, and formed the complete _Rath_ or homestead. It was surrounded by a precinct or _Maigne_, which was a space as far as the _Boaire_ could cast a spear with an iron head, or hammer, sitting at the door of his house, and was inviolable. The whole was usually enclosed by a ditch and earthen rampart. And he possessed twelve cows and half a plough. Land of the value of three times seven _Cumhals_ or sixty-three cows, and the possession of twenty cows, two bulls, six bullocks, twenty hogs, twenty sheep, four house-fed hogs, two sows, and a riding-horse, made him a _Bruighfer_, and entailed upon him the burden of ‘receiving the king, bishop, poet, or judge from off the road,’ as well as all travellers. And here too the court of judgment was held for the tribe and the assembly of the tribe’s men. When the _Boaire_ possessed so large an amount of stock as to be obliged to give off some to others he becomes a _Ferfothla_, and ‘the excess of his cattle which his own land cannot sustain, which he cannot sell for land, and which he does not himself require, he gives as the proportionate stock of tenants’ (_Ceile_). The highest grade of the _Boaire_ was the _Aire-coisring_, who represented the people before the king and the synod. [Sidenote: Origin and growth of private property, and creation of Fan order of territorial chiefs.]