Fordun’s _Chronicle_, ed. 1874, vol. i. pp. 227, 430. Footnote 153: There is a charter by Malcolm the Fourth to the canons of Scone, ‘in principale sede regni nostri fundata,’ in which he conveys to them the titles ‘de quatuor maneriis meis de Gouerin scilicet de Scon, et de Cubert et de Fergrund et de Stratherdel.’—_Chr. of Scone_, p. 6. Footnote 154: _Chron. Picts and Scots_, pp. 9 and 21. Footnote 155: _Ancient Laws and Institutes of England_, edited by Benjamin Thorpe, 1840. _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, edited by Aneurin Owen, 1841. Footnote 156: _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, vol. i., vol. ii., vol. iii. Footnote 157: See _Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland_, edited by Cosmo Innes, vol. i. Footnote 158: Sir Henry Maine, in his _Early History of Institutions_, considers that the unit was the Finé or sept, several of which united to form a tribe; but it will be shown that the Tuath or tribe preceded the Finé or clan. Footnote 159: See the author’s Introduction to the Dean of Lismore’s Book, pp. xvii. and xviii. Footnote 160: The legendary history of Ireland contains traces of the higher position of the female. Footnote 161: _The Book of Rights_, printed by the Celtic Society, p. 174. Footnote 162: _Brehon Laws_, vol. iv. p. 341. Footnote 163: The influence of the Church in this respect is recognised in the Welsh laws. Footnote 164: This account of the ranks in the tribe is taken from the _Crithgabhlach Brehon Laws_, vol. iv. p. 299. Footnote 165: Quoted in Sir H. S. Maine’s _Early History of Institutions_, p. 114. Footnote 166: _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 345. Footnote 167: _Ibid_. iv. p. 321. Footnote 168: Maine, vol. iv. p. 337. Footnote 169: _Ibid_. iv. p. 331. Footnote 170: _Ibid_. iv. p. 373. Footnote 171: See _Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis_, vol. i., No. III., and Appendix to the _Battle of Maghrath_. Footnote 172: _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, vol. iv., _Crithgablach_. Footnote 173: _Tribes and Customs of Hy Many_, p. 13. Footnote 174: _Early History of Institutions_, p. 23. Footnote 175: Cormac’s _Glossary_, voce _Clethac_, p. 29. Mr. O’Curry gives the following illustration:—A fine of three Cumals, or twenty-one cows, might be paid thus:— 10 Ri Seoit = 10 cows. 16 Samaisc = 8 cows. 12 Seoitgabla = 3 cows. Footnote 176: Published by Celtic Society, p. 107. Footnote 177: _Annals of the Four Masters_, i. p. 53. Footnote 178: _War of the Gaedhil with Gaill_, p. 49. Footnote 179: _Irish Topographical Poems_, p. 9. Footnote 180: _Irish Topographical Poems_, p. 1. Footnote 181: _Miscellany of the Celtic Society_, p. 49. Footnote 182: _Tribes and Customs of Hy Fiachraich_, p. 453. Footnote 183: