We have now completed our survey of the thanages which survived the war of independence, and we thus see that there existed in the eastern Lowlands isolated territories, scattered here and there among the feudal holdings, still bearing the name of _Thanagium_, and preserving many of the characteristics of the older Celtic tribe. These thanages during the period of the rule of the kings of the race of David the First were considered as forming part of the crown demesne, and were held of the kings by persons called Thanes in feu-farm for payment of an annual _firma_, rent or feu-duty, but their connection with the ancient tribe lands is indicated by the fact that the feuar bearing the Saxon name of Thane was likewise known by the Celtic name of _Toschach_, and therefore represented the ancient _Toisech_ of the _Tuath_ or tribe, and that his annual feu-duty was likewise known by the Celtic name of _Cain_, usually amounting to about twelve merks, while the land was subject to another burden termed _Conveth_, and afterwards _Waytinga_, which was no other than the _Coinmhedha_ or _Coigny_ of the Irish tribes. These thanages had therefore obviously replaced the more ancient _Tuath_, and what was now regarded as crown land was the ancient tribe territory. It varied in size, as did the Irish _Tuath_. Its principal measure of land bore the Celtic name of Davach, a name also retained when the land had passed into feudal holdings. Each davach contained four ploughgates, equivalent to the Irish _Bally_ and the Welsh _Tref_, and the fourth part of the ploughgate seems to have formed the smallest holding, and been known by the Celtic term of _Rath_. The size of these thanages or tribe territories held of the Crown varied from twelve to six davachs, and those held of the earls seem in general not to have exceeded three. Part of this territory was held by the thane or _Toschach_ in demesne, and was known as the Thanestown or thane’s lands, and was cultivated by bondmen or prædial serfs, of whom there were two kinds, the _bondus_, or occupier of a servile tenement, amounting usually to the fourth part of a ploughgate or township, and the native-man, who was servile by race. Another part of the thanage consisted of tenandries, or free tenements, held under the thane by a class of sub-vassals called _libere tenentes_, or freeholders, for payment of a _Cain_ or feu-duty, and these were likewise known by the Celtic name of _Octhigern_, the equivalent of the Irish _Oclach_. They were in fact the lower of the two divisions of the _Flaith_ or nobles of the Irish tribe, consisting of the _Aire ard_ and the _Aire desa_, while from the upper division the _Ri Tuath_ or _Toisech_, as the case might be, was chosen, and when we find the territorial name of Dyce connected with some of the thanages, as Fordyce in the thanage of the Boyne, Dyce in that of Kintore, Tannadyce in the thanage of the same name, we can hardly avoid recognising the _Deis_, or