The family name, originally pronounced Lumbroso, shows clearly that the family belonged to the Spanish Jews who were expelled from Spain and settled in North Africa. The name is a Spanish adjective in common use, denoting “clear” or “illuminating.” Footnote 2: Bartolomeo Panizza—in 1812–13 army surgeon attached to the grande armée in Russia; in 1815 professor of anatomy at Pavia—discovered the characteristic of the crocodile to which Brücke gave the name of _foramen Panizzæ_; widely known as a teratologist and comparative anatomist; in 1856 published his “Osservazioni sperimentali sul nervo ottico,” based upon the method of secondary degeneration of the medullary sheath, subsequently applied by Gudden with such valuable results. Footnote 3: I have not been able to ascertain precisely to what extent Lombroso was influenced by Quetelet. The writings of this investigator did not reach him directly, but they probably influenced him indirectly by way of von Oettingen’s “Moral Statistik.” Footnote 4: “Ricerchi sul cretinesimo in Lombardia,” _Gazz. Medica Italiana Lombarda_, No. 13, 1859. Footnote 5: Together with Mantegazza, his colleague (as experimental pathologist) in Pavia from 1861 to 1866, Lombroso was the founder of anthropology in Italy. Of anthropology in the modern sense it is possible to speak only since, in the year 1859, Broca founded the Parisian Anthropological Society. Previously the term had denoted, as Kant’s “Anthropology” shows, empirical descriptive psychology. From the first the doctrine of the important varieties of human beings (insanity, cretinism, criminality, genius, degeneration) was for Lombroso a chapter of general anthropology. From the first also he regarded a knowledge of the environment as of the greatest importance for an understanding of the origin of these varieties (_vide infra_). Footnote 6: In Pavia, in 1871, he was appointed, in addition, lecturer on forensic medicine and hygiene. Footnote 7: Lombroso, as professor of forensic medicine, was also a member of the legal faculty. From 1896 onwards he held, in addition, the position of professor-in-ordinary of psychiatry and superintendent of the psychiatric clinic. As early as 1891 he had received the appointment of professor-extraordinary of psychiatry. In the year 1900, the Minister of Education (L. Bianchi) appointed him professor-in-ordinary of criminal anthropology, whilst he retained the professorship of psychiatry. Footnote 8: The title given by the author, then only nineteen years of age, to this study of important relations of correlation, does not give an adequate notion of the real contents of the essay. Footnote 9: These two works, with two publications regarding criminal lunatics (1871), and the “Antropometria di 400 delinquenti veneti” (_R.C. dell’ Istituto Lombardo_, fasc. 12) form the nucleus of his subsequent work on “L’ uomo delinquente.”