Alfonso VI of Spain, takes Toledo, 126. Alfonso X of Spain, employs Jews as translators, 150, 156. Almohades, the, a Mohammedan sect, 134, 135. "Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba," Kabbalistic work, 175. Amoraim, the, teachers of the Talmud, 44. characterised, 45-46. some of, enumerated, 46-52. Amram, Gaon, liturgist, 70. Anan, the son of David, founder of Karaism, 75. Andalusia, the Spanish Piyut in, 85. "Answers." _See_ "Letters"; "Responses." "Antiquities of the Jews," by Josephus, 34. Antonio de Montesinos, and the Ten Tribes, 208, 247. Apion, attacks Judaism, 36. Apocrypha, the, addresses of parents to children in, 194. Aquila, translates the Scriptures, 26. identical with Onkelos, 26-27. Aquinas, Thomas, studies the "Guide," 140. Arabic, used by the Gaonim, 71. in Jewish literature, 83. poetry, 84. translation of the Scriptures, 91, 93, 94. commentary on the Mishnah, 135. Aragon, Spanish Piyut in, 85. Aramaic, translation of the Pentateuch, 27. used by Josephus, 37. language of the Talmud, 44. used by the Gaonim, 71. translation of Scriptures in the synagogues, 94. language of the Zohar, 173. Arbäa Turim, code by Jacob Asheri, 234, 239. Archimedes, works of, translated, 150, 185. Aristotle, teachings of, summarized, 140. interpreted by Averroes, 149. works of, translated, 185. Aruch, the, compiled by Zemach, 70. by Nathan, the son of Yechiel, 121, 200. Asher, the son of Yechiel, the will of, 195-196. codifier, 234. Ashi, Amora, compiler of the Talmud, 51-52. Atonement, the Day of, hymn for, 162. "Autobiography," the, of Josephus, 34. Averroes, works of, translated, 148, 149, 185. Azariah di Rossi, historian, 221-222, 223. Azriel, Kabbalist, 171. Azulai, Chayim, historian, 220. Babylonia, Rabbinical schools in, 44. centre of Jewish learning, 49, 68. loses its supremacy, 92. Bachya Ibn Pekuda, works of, translated, 148. ethical work by, 190. Bacon, Roger, on the scientific activity of the Jew, 150. Bahir, Kabbalistic work, 171. Bar Cochba, Akiba in the revolt of, 24. "Barlaam and Joshaphat," by Abraham Ibn Chisdai, 154-155. Baruch of Ratisbon, Tossafist, 161. Beast Fables, in the Midrash, 64-67. examples of, 65-66. Bechinath Olam, by Yedaiah Bedaressi, 191-192. Benjamin of Tudela, traveller, 203. Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite author, 77. Berachya ha-Nakdan, fabulist, 156-157. Berlin, under Frederick the Great, 254. Beruriah, wife of Meir, 28. Bible, the. _See_ Scriptures, the. Bidpai, Fables of, and the Jews, 155-156. Biur, the, commentary on the Pentateuch, 230. Bohemia, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85. "Book of Creation, The," Kabbalistic work, 175. "Book of Creation, Commentary on the," by Saadiah, 95. "Book of Delight, The," by Joseph Zabara, 157-158. "Book of Genealogies, The," by Abraham Zacuto, 216. "Book of Lights and the High Beacons, The," by Kirkisani, 80. "Book of Principles, The," by Joseph Albo, 141. "Book of Roots, The," by David Kimchi, 117.