“Slavery discourages arts and manufactures. The poor despise labor, when performed by slaves. They prevent the emigration of whites, who really enrich and strengthen a country. _They produce the most pernicious effect on manners._ EVERY MASTER OF SLAVES IS BORN A PETTY TYRANT. They bring the judgment of Heaven on a country.”[55] Thus, with a few touches, does this Slave-Master portray his class, putting them in that hateful list which, according to every principle of liberty, must be resisted so long as we obey God. And this clear testimony received kindred support from the fiery soul of Jefferson. Here are his words:-- “There must doubtless be an unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced by the existence of Slavery among us. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, THE MOST UNREMITTING DESPOTISM on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. Our children see this, and learn to imitate it.… _The man must be a prodigy who can retain his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances._ And with what execration should the statesman be loaded, who, permitting one half the citizens thus to trample on the rights of the other, _transforms those into despots_ and these into enemies, destroys the morals of the one part and the _amor patriæ_ of the other!… With the morals of the people, their industry also is destroyed.”[56] Next comes the _Philosophic Authority_. Here, while the language which I quote may be less familiar, it is hardly less commanding. Among names of such weight I shall not discriminate, but simply follow the order of time. First is John Locke, the great author of the English system of Intellectual Philosophy, who, though once unhappily indulgent to American Slavery, in another place describes it, in words which every Slave-Master should know, as-- “The state of war continued between a lawful conqueror and a captive.” “So directly opposite to the generous temper and courage of our nation, that _’tis hardly to be conceived that an Englishman_, MUCH LESS A GENTLEMAN, _should plead for ’t_.”[57] Then comes Adam Smith, the founder of the science of Political Economy, who, in his work on Morals, thus utters himself:-- “There is not a negro from the coast of Africa who does not possess a degree of magnanimity which the soul of his sordid master is too often scarce capable of conceiving. Fortune never exerted more cruelly her empire over mankind than when she subjected those nations of heroes to the refuse of the jails of Europe, to wretches who possess the virtues neither of the countries which they come from nor of those which they go to, _and whose levity, brutality, and baseness so justly expose them to the contempt of the vanquished_.”[58]