If there were a tax on the manufacture of books in our country, there might be reason for a corresponding duty; but there is no such tax. By the experience of the last tariff we are warned. The increase of this duty was disastrous to the book-trade, and I am assured that several booksellers who have imported largely are withdrawing from this branch of business, because the rate of fifteen per cent renders it unprofitable. And yet you propose to raise the rate to twenty per cent. Nor is there any practical argument founded on protection. There are no interests requiring protection which will be promoted by an increased duty, as appears in last year’s memorial of publishers and importers, praying a reduction to ten per cent, and also in another and later memorial from New York importers, praying for the same reduction, and setting forth that their business seriously suffers from the existing rate. And now I add, that this increased duty is a tax on knowledge, and as such to be discountenanced and opposed. But I rest my argument on the simple ground, that it will not increase the revenue. If at this exacting moment it would have any such consequence, much as I should regret the necessity, I could not oppose it. But it is easy to show that such will not be the consequence: at least, the statistics point this way. The total value of books imported in 1858, with a duty of eight per cent, amounted to five hundred and thirty thousand dollars: I do not give the odd figures. The total value in 1859, likewise with a duty of eight per cent, was seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars; and in 1860, with the same rate, it was seven hundred and thirty-four thousand. In 1861, the total value, with a duty of fifteen per cent, sank as low as three hundred and forty-six thousand. These figures speak. I do not err, when I infer from them that the higher duty has been an injury to the revenue, and also to the importer. Therefore it is open to a twofold objection. With a duty of ten per cent the revenue would gain, and the public with the importer would be benefited. The case is stated in a few words. An increased duty on books will do nothing for the revenue; but it will interfere with a useful business, and at the same time impose a tax on knowledge. Mr. Sumner moved to reduce the tax from twenty to ten per cent, but, at the suggestion of Mr. Fessenden, Chairman of the Finance Committee, consented to fifteen per cent, which was adopted. The amendment failed between the two Houses. The bill as it came from the House had a proviso, “That all imported cotton and linen rags for the manufacture of paper shall be free of duty.” Mr. Sumner made an ineffectual effort to prevent this from being struck out. In the course of his remarks, he said:--