(_d_) They use the indicative sing. and pl. in _-es_ or _-s_. Ex. 3 pers. sing. _far-es_, _bo-es_, _ga-s_, _wagg-es_, _fall-es_, _fynd-es_, 4130, _bring-es_, _tyd-es_, 4175, _say-s_, 4180. Pl. _werk-es_, 4030. So also is _I_, _I is_, _thou is_, 4089. In l. 4045, we find _are ye_, E.; _ar ye_ (better), Hn.; _ere ye_, Cp. Hl.; _is ye_, Cm. Pt.; _es ye_, Ln. Both _ar_ (_er_) and _is_ (_es_) are found in the present tense plural in Northern works; _we is_ occurs in Barbour's Bruce, iii. 317. It is not 'ungrammatical,' as Tyrwhitt supposes. (_e_) Other grammatical peculiarities are: _sal_ for _shal_, shall, 4087; _slyk_ for _swiche_, such, 4173; _whilk_ for _whiche_, 4171; _thair_ for _hir_, their, 4172 (which is now the standard use); _hethen_ for _hennes_, hence, 4033; _til_ for _to_ (but Chaucer sometimes uses _til_ himself, chiefly before a vowel); _y-mel_ for _amonges_, 4171; _gif_ for _if_, 4181. (_f_) Besides the use of the peculiar forms mentioned in (_e_), we find certain words employed which do not occur elsewhere in Chaucer, viz. _boes_ (see note to 4027), _lathe_, barn, _fonne_, fool, _hething_, contempt, _taa_, take. To these Tyrwhitt adds _gar_, reading _Gar us have mete_ in l. 4132, but I can only find _Get us som mete_ in my seven MSS. _Capul_, horse, occurs again in D. 1554, 2150. I think Mr. Ellis a little underrates the 'marked northernism' of Chaucer's specimens. Certainly _thou is_ is as marked as _I is_; and other certain marks are the pl. indic. in _-es_, as in _werk-es_, 4030, the use of _sal_ for 'shall,' of _boes_ for 'behoves,' of _taa_ for 'take,' of _hethen_ for 'hence,' of _slyk_ for 'such,' the prepositions _fra_ and _y-mel_, and even some of the peculiarities of pronunciation, as _[=a]_ for _[=o]_, _wrang_ for _wrong_. It is worth enquiring whether Chaucer has made any mistakes, and it is clear that he has made several. Thus _as clerkes sayn_ (4028) should be _as clerkes says_; and _sayth_ should again be _says_ in l. 4210. In l. 4171, _hem_ (them) should be _thaim_. In l. 4180, _y-greved_ should be _greved_; the Northern dialect knows nothing of the prefix _y-_. It also ignores the final _-e_ in definite adjectives; hence _thy fair-e_ (4023), _this short-e_ (4265), and _this lang-e_ (4175) all have a superfluous _-e_. Of course this is what we should expect; the poet merely gives [122] a Northern colouring to his diction to amuse us; he is not trying to teach us Northern grammar. The general effect is excellent, and that is all he was concerned with. 4020. The mill lay a little way off the road on the left (coming from Trumpington); so it was necessary to 'know the way.' 4026. _nede has na peer_, necessity has no equal, or, is above all. More commonly, _Nede ne hath no lawe_, as in P. Plowman, B. xx. 10, or C. xxiii. 10; 'Necessitas non habet legem'; a common proverb.