s. 87. OTHER PRONOMINAL FORMS. _Men_ sometimes occurs as a weakened form of _man_, with the sense of mod. E. 'one'; and it therefore takes a singular verb. Ex. _men smoot_, one smote, A 149; _men moot_, one must, one ought to, A 232. _Self_ is used adjectivally, as in _Thy selve neighebour_, B 115. Hence also _myself_, _myselven_, _myselve_; _thyself_, _thyselven_, _thyselve_; _hemself_, themselves, _hemselven_, _hemselve_. _Thilke_, a def. form, means 'that'; we also find _this ilke_, _that ilke_; cf. A 721. _Swich_, such; pl. _swiche_, _swich_. _Oon_, _oo_, one; _noon_, _non_, none; _other_; _any_. _Som_, pl. _som_, _some_, _somme_; the plural is written all three ways, but is usually monosyllabic. _Al_, _alle_, _all_; a word causing some difficulty, being very often written _alle_, though very seldom dissyllabic. The gen. _aller_ occurs, both alone and in compounds. _Aught_, _ought_, _oght_; _naught_, _nought_, _noght_. _Either_, gen. _eith(e)res_; _neither_, gen. _neith(e)res_. For 'each,' we find _[=e]ch_ (aech), reduced to _ich_ or _y_ in the compound _everich_, _every_; cf. _everichoon_, every one. _Many_ is used alone; also in _many oon_, _many on_, _many a_. s. 88. VERBS. Verbs are distinguished as being weak or strong. In the former, the pp. (past participle) ends in _-ed_, _-d_, or _-t_; in the latter, it ends in _-en_ or _-e_. A simple rule is to observe that, in weak verbs, a final _-e_ is common in the past tense, but never ends a pp. unless it is used as a plural adjective; conversely, in strong verbs, it is common (varying with _-en_) in the pp., but never occurs in the pt. t. _singular_. The frequent disregard of this usage is a great blemish in Tyrwhitt's edition of the Canterbury Tales. s. 89. The general formulae for the conjugation of verbs are as follows. PRESENT TENSE. Singular: 1. _-e_; 2. _-est_, _-st_; 3. _-eth_, _-th_ (or a contracted form). Plural: _-en_, _-n_, _-e_; for all persons. In the 3rd pers. singular, _-eth_ is often sounded as _-th_, even when _-eth_ is fully written. We also find contracted forms, as in A.S.; such as _rit_, rideth; _hit_, hideth; _sit_, sitteth; _bit_, biddeth; _slit_, slideth; _writ_, writeth; _stant_, standeth; _fint_, findeth; _et_, eateth; _set_, setteth. In all these instances the stem or root of the verb ends in _d_ or _t_. Besides these, we find _rist_, riseth; _worth_ for _wortheth_, becomes; and the curious form _wryth_, writheth, T. iii. 1231. In the very same line _Bitrent_ is short for _Bitrendeth_. In the 2 pers. sing. _-est_ is often _-st_, even when written in full; in the pl., _-en_ may be reduced to _-n_, as in _seyn_, say, or else to _-e_, as in _sey-e_. PAST TENSE OF STRONG VERBS. Singular: 1. 3. no suffix; 2. _-e_, occasionally, but usually dropped. Plural: 1. 2. 3. _-en_, _-e_.