Here belongs _hote_, to command, promise, pt. s. _heet_, _hight_ (from A.S. _h[=e]ht_), pp. _hoten_. Closely connected with this is the form _hatte_ (A.S. _h[=a]tte_, Gothic _haitada_), with the passive sense 'is named,' or 'is called'; variant forms being _hette_, _highte_, the latter due to some confusion with the strong pt. s. _hight_, mentioned above. Hence _hatte_, _hette_, _highte_ were also used with the past sense 'was named' or 'was called.' In Chaucer's time these forms and senses were much confused, so that we actually find _hight_ with the sense 'was named'; and conversely, _highte_ with the sense 'promised.' And further, we find the pp. _hoten_ with the sense 'called,' and the pp. _hight_ with the sense 'promised.' See, in the Glossary, _Hote_, _Bihote_, _Bihete_, _Bihighte_. Here also belongs _goon_, _gon_, _go_, to go; pp. _goon_, _gon_. The pt. t. is supplied by _wente_ or _yede_. s. 91. FORMATION OF WEAK VERBS. In the case of weak verbs, which include a large number of verbs of Anglo-French origin, much depends upon the form and even upon the length of the stem. The standard suffix for the pt. t. is _-de_, and for the pp., _-d_; but this necessarily becomes _-te_ (pp. _-t_) after a voiceless consonant and in some other cases, especially after _l_ and _gh_. A third variety of form is caused by the frequent occurrence of _-e-_ before the final _-de_ or _-d_, due, usually, to the form of the infinitive mood; and, in long words especially, the form _-ede_ is frequently reduced to _-ed_. This short explanation applies, practically, to all weak verbs. INFINITIVES IN _-ien_, _-ie_. The A.S. infin. in _-ian_ became _-ien_, _-ie_ in M.E., and was frequently reduced to _-e_. Ex. A.S. _lufian_, later _lovien_; in Chaucer only _loven_, _love_, though a trace of the _i_ remains in the derived word _lovyere_, A 80. These are the verbs which make the pt. t. in _-e-de_, the _-e-_ being due to the formative suffix _-i-_, which is actually preserved in the pp. _ber-i-ed_, _her-i-ed_[69]. Hence Chaucer uses the pt. t. _dwell-ed_, short for _dwell-e-de_; but he also uses the syncopated form _dwel-te_, where _d_ has become _t_ after _l_. We can only understand these weak verbs by help of the etymology, so that it is unnecessary to enlarge upon the subject. A form such as _lovede_ was liable to syncope, which means, practically, that the word was frequently pronounced (luv.d[*e]) or (luv.ed); it mattered little which was chosen. Before a vowel, the final _-e_ could suffer elision, which reduced the form to _lov'd'_ (luvd). This explains the scansion of many lines. Thus, in A 1196, it does not matter whether we say (luv.d[*e]) or (luv.ed); but in A 1197, 1198, the only possible form is (luv.d). s. 92. THREE CLASSES OF WEAK VERBS. We may distribute the weak verbs into three classes; the types being, respectively, _loven_, _heren_, to hear, and _tellen_.