Prince Yu Lang, Grand Councilor; Board of Police; organizer of Imperial Guard; Army Board, Peking, 1911. Chou Chi Lai, Assistant Foreign Minister, Peking, 1911; progressive. Shao Chang, Minister Justice, Peking, 1911; Secretary Foreign Board, 1901. Shou Chi, Minister Dependencies, Peking, 1911; Minister of Mongolia, 1900; Captain of Hatamen Octroi (Customs) Gate, Peking, 1909; an amusing type of old-style effective revenue man. Lu Jun Hsiang, Grand Secretary, Peking, 1910; head of Opium Suppression Board, 1911: a really effective man, representing the best traditions of old China. Jung Ching, President Board of Ceremonies, Peking, 1911; remarkable type of thorough-going conservative. Sheng Yun, irreconcilable imperial Governor of Shensi and Shansi provinces, 1911–12. Prince Tuan, irreconcilable “Boxer” Manchu; exiled in Kansu, and father of Pretender to Throne, “Ku Kwei”, 1912. Hsun Pao Oi, Governor of Shangtung province, 1912. Tong Chao Chuen, progressive; Railway and Finance Boards. Shum Chun Hsun, experienced Viceroy of various provinces. King Yu Yuet, Principal Law College, Nanking. Chan Ki Me, Governor of Shanghai. Chan Kwang Ming, experienced; progressive Governor. X CHINA’S INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. The treaties and international notes which hold China in obligations to the outside world (Wai Ih, outside foreigners), and which the republicans promise to observe, are in part as follows. The “most favored nation” clause admits nations which did not participate in the original treaty. 1842. Nanking Treaty--Nanking, Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo and Shanghai opened. 1858. Tientsin-British--Newchwang, Chifu, Swatow, Kiangchow opened. 1860. Tientsin-French Treaty--Tientsin opened. 1861. German Treaty--Chinkiang, Hankau opened. 1876. Chifu Convention--Ichang, Wuhu, Wenchow, Pakhoi opened. 1881. Russia-China--Russian commercial influence in Ili, Mongolia, Manchuria; consulates and extraterritoriality provided for. 1890. Chungking Convention--Chungking opened. 1895. Japan Treaty--Suchow, Hangchow opened. 1896. Russia-China Treaty--Russia given railway and other privileges in Manchuria; this brought on the war with Japan in 1904. 1897. West River Ports--Samshui, Wuchow, etc., opened. 1899. Russia-China--China not to build railways north of Peking without Russia’s consent. 1902. British Commercial Treaty (Mackay)--Changsha, Ngan-king, Wan Hsien, Waichou opened. Likin to be abolished and customs possibly raised from five per cent. to twelve per cent. ad valorem. 1905. Japan-China--Grants to Japan by treaty what war with Russia won for Japan; i. e., military, commercial, mining and railway dominance in South Manchuria, and Japan to have power to nullify Chinese or other foreign railway schemes. TREATIES AFFECTING CHINA