146 Kâkâpeya. One text reads Kâkapeya, the other Kâkâpeya. It is difficult to choose. The more usual word is kâkapeya, which is explained by Pâ_n_ini, ii. 1, 33. It is uncertain, however, whether kâkapeya is meant as a laudatory or as a depreciatory term. Boehtlingk takes it in the latter sense, and translates nadî kâkapeyâ, by a shallow river that could be drunk up by a crow. Târânâtha takes it in the former sense, and translates nadî kâkapeyâ, as a river so full of water that a crow can drink it without bending its neck (kâkair anatakandharai_h_ pîyate; pûr_n_odakatvena pra_s_asye kâkai_h_ peye nadyâdau). In our passage kâkapeya must be a term of praise, and we therefore could only render it by “ponds so full of water that crows could drink from them.” But why should so well known a word as kâkapeya have been spelt kâkâpeya, unless it was done intentionally? And if intentionally, what was it intended for? We must remember that Pâ_n_ini, ii. 1, 42 schol., teaches us how to form the word tîrthakâka, a crow at a tîrtha, which means a person in a wrong place. It would seem, therefore, that crows were considered out of place at a tîrtha or bathing-place, either because they were birds of ill omen, or because they defiled the water. From that point of view, kâkâpeya would mean a pond not visited by crows, free from crows. Professor Pischel has called my attention to Mahâparinibbâna Sutta (_J. R. A. S._ 1875, p. 67, p. 21), where kâkapeyâ clearly refers to a full river. Samatiṭṭḥika, if this is the right reading, occurs in the same place as an epithet of a river, by the side of kâkapeya, and I think it most likely that it means rising to a level with the tîrthas, the fords or bathing-places. Mr. Rhys Davids informs me that the commentary explains the two words by samatittikâ ti samaharitâ, kâkapeyyâ ti yatthatattha_k_i tîre _th_itena kâkena sakkâ patum ti. 147 Purobhaktena. The text is difficult to read, but it can hardly be doubtful that purobhaktena corresponds to Pâli purebhatta_m_ (_i. e._ before the morning meal), opposed to pa_kkh_âbhatta_m_, after the noonday meal (_i. e._ in the afternoon). See Childers, _s. v._ Pûrvabhaktikâ would be the first repast, as Professor Cowell informs me. 148 Divâ vihârâya, for the noonday rest, the _siesta_. See Childers, _s. v._ vihâra. 149 Krau_ñk_â_h_. Snipe, curlew. Is it meant for Kuravîka, or Karavîka, a fine-voiced bird (according to Kern, the Sk. karâyikâ), or for Kalaviṅka-Pâli Kalavîka? See Childers, _s. v._ opapâtiko; Burnouf, _Lotus_, p. 566. I see, however, the same birds mentioned together elsewhere, as ha_m_sakrau_ñk_amayûra_s_uka_s_âlikakokila, etc. On mayûra see Mahâv. Introd. p. xxxix.; Rv. I. 191, 14.