9. Burne and Jackson, 407. 10. Brand, 283. 11. Cf. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xi., 1900, 260. 12. Addy, 103. 13. Cf. carols in Brand, 3, and Rickert, 243 f. 14. Brand, 3. 15. Dyer, 464. 16. Feilberg, i. 119, 184; Lloyd, 173. 17. Jahn, 265. 18. Stratilesco, 190. 19. Ralston, 193, 203. 20. Mijatovich, 98. 21. Jahn, 261. 22. Rietschel, 106. Cf. Weinhold, 25, and Reinsberg-Dueringsfeld, 463. 23. Sebillot, 217. |382| 24. Laisnel, i. 7 f. 25. _Ibid._ i. 12 f. 26. _Ibid._ i. 11. 27. #E. Cortet, "Essai sur les Fetes religieuses"# (Paris, 1867), 265. 28. Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 286 f. 29. #M. Hoefler, "Weihnachtsgebaecke. Eine vergleichende Studie der germanischen Gebildbrote zur Weihnachtszeit"# in #"Zeitschrift fuer oesterreichische Volkskunde,"# Jahrg. 11, Supplement-Heft 3 (Vienna, 1905). 30. Jahn, 280 f. 31. Burne and Jackson, 406 f. 32. #"The Mirror of Perfection,"# trans. by Sebastian Evans (London, 1898), 206. 33. Mannhardt, "Baumkultus," 233 f. 34. Lloyd, 170 f. 35. Jahn, 276. 36. _Ibid._ 276. 37. Lloyd, 168. 38. Evans, 231 f.; for the ox-custom, see Evans, 233. 39. Abbott, 76. 40. Hoermann, "Tiroler Volksleben," 244 f., 238, 245. 41. Dawson, 339. 42. #S. Graham, "A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians"# (London, 1910), 25 f. 43. Stratilesco, 190. 44. Van Norman, 299 f. 45. Jahn, 267. 46. Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 442 f., where other examples, British and Continental, of the wren-hunt are given. Cf. Dyer, 494 f. 47. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xviii., 1907, 439 f. 48. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 221. 49. See Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 380, 441, for examples of similar practices with sacred animals. 50. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xi., 1900, 259. 51. Brand, 272. 52. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xi., 1900, 262. 53. Lloyd, 181 f. 54. _Ibid._ 181. 55. Thorpe, ii. 49 f. 56. Ralston, 200. CHAPTER XIII.--MASKING, THE MUMMERS' PLAY, THE FEAST OF FOOLS, AND THE BOY BISHOP 1. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 390 f. 2. #The Works Of Ben Jonson#, ed. by Barry Cornwall (London, 1838), 600. 3. #Shakespeare, "Henry VIII.,"# Act I. Sc. IV. 4. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 403 f. 5. _Ibid._ i. 227, 402. 6. _Ibid._ i. 402. Cf. Burne and Jackson, 410. 7. For a bibliography of texts of the mummers' plays see Chambers, "M. S.," i. 205 f. |383| 8. This account of the plays and dances is based upon Chambers, "M. S.," i. 182 f. (chapters ix. and x.). 9. #Tacitus, "Germania,"# cap. xxiv. (Eng. Trans. by W. Hamilton Fyfe, Oxford, 1908). 10. Cf. Harrison, "Themis," 43 f. 11. Professor Gilbert Murray in "Themis," 341 f. 12. Harrison, "Themis," 232. 13. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 226. 14. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 192, 213 f. 15. _Ibid._ i. 220 f. 16. Lawson, 223 f. 17. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, vol. x. 482.