Interpretations of these symbols have often been attempted, but they are for the most part mere guesses. Those representing the sun and moon are easy, but the others may generally be read in various ways. The sign for Jupiter is alleged to represent one of his thunderbolts; that for copper is supposed to illustrate the looking-glass of Venus; the iron sign is the shield and spear of Mars; the caduceus of Mercury and the scythe of Saturn are likewise traced in their respective signatures. It has also been fancied that the three signs of which a circle forms part--namely, those for quicksilver, copper, and iron--were intended to suggest that gold could be formed from them, the cross or spear attached being in fact the Egyptian phallus, or organ of generative vigour. In tin and lead there are evidences of the presence of silver. Perhaps more probable is the idea that these signs were originally combinations of letters--monograms, in fact, indicating the name which the planet bore in the country where the symbol was first adopted. Thus, in the sign for Jupiter, [symbol], the Greek initial for Zeus, has been traced; in that of Venus, [symbol], we have the initial of phosphorus; ♂, has been supposed to be [symbol], and [symbol], the first and last letters of Thouros, one of the names of Mars; while [symbol] represents the first and second letters of Chronos (Saturn) welded together. But the interpretation depends largely on the period when the signs were first used. Pictures preceded alphabets; they were in fact the originals of the phonetic sounds which ultimately the letters indicated. The mysteries which made up so large a part of the science of alchemy passed from its votaries to the practitioners of physic and pharmacy, and are hardly dead in those professions yet. Pretended solutions of gold, vaunted as universal cures, were sold under the title of solar elixirs; the popular name of nitrate of silver to this day is lunar caustic; a black oxide of iron is called Ethiops martial; a solution of sugar of lead is extract of Saturn; sulphate of copper was once known as vitriol of Venus; muriate of tin was famous for the expulsion of worms under the name of Salt of Jove; and ointment of quicksilver is still universally labelled mercurial ointment. INDEX A Ablathanabla, 166 Abracadabra mystery, 164 Abraxas, mystic word, 165 Absorbent ethiops, 351 Abtinas, incense makers, 57 Acetabulum, ii, 278 Acetanilide, discovery, ii, 273 Acetic acid, synthetic, ii, 271. _See also_ Pyroligneous acid Acetum Philosophicum, ii, 279 Achillea milfoil, virtues discovered, 16 Achilles, medical discoveries, 16 Acids, how first made, 323 Acidum causticum, 325 Acidum Pingue, 325 (_For other acids see specific names._) Aconite, discovery, ii, 221; as poison, ii, 223 Acopa, 91; ii, 279; ii, 290 Adders. _See_ Vipers