of John XXIII. in A.D. 1316, celebrated it by a magnificent procession, in which the _liburium_ was carried with all pomp. § 104.8. =The Veneration of Saints= (§ 88, 4).--The numerous =Canonizations=, from the 12th century exclusively in the hands of the popes, gave an impulse to saint worship. It was the duty of _Advocatus diaboli_ to try to disprove the reports of virtues and miracles attributed to candidates. The proofs of holiness adduced were generally derived from thoroughly fabulous sources. The introduction of the name of accepted candidates into the canon of the mass gave rise to the term canonization. =Beatification= was a lower degree of honour, often a preliminary to canonization at a later period. It carried with it the veneration not of the whole church, but of particular churches or districts. The Dominican Jacobus a Voragine, who died in A.D. 1298, in his _Legenda aurea_ afforded a pattern for numerous late legends of the saints. A Parisian theologian who styled it _Legenda ferrea_, was publicly expelled from his office. The =Veneration of Mary=, to whom were rendered _Hyperdoulia_ in contradistinction from the _Doulia_ of the saints, not only among the people, but with the most cultured theologians, publicly and privately, literally and figuratively, in prose and poetry, was almost equal to the worship rendered to God, and indeed often overshadowed it. The angel’s salutation (Luke i. 28) was in every prayer. Its frequent repetition led to the use of the _Rosary_, a rose wreath for the most blessed of women. The great rosary attributed to St. Dominic has fifteen decades, or 150 smaller pearls of Mary, each of which represents an _Ave Maria_, and after every ten there is a greater Paternoster pearl. The small or common rosary has only five decades of beads of Mary with a Paternoster bead for each decade. Thrice repeated it forms the so-called _Psalter of Mary_. The first appearance of the rosary in devotion was with the monk Macarius in the 4th century, who took 300 stones in his lap, and after every Paternoster threw one away. The rosary devotion is also practised by Moslems and Buddhists. In cloisters, Saturday was usually dedicated to the Mother of God, and was begun by a special _Officium S. Mariæ_. May was called the month of Mary.--In the 11th century no further trace is found of the Frankish opposition to =Image Worship= (§ 92, 1). But this in no way hindered the growth of =Relic Worship=. Returning crusaders showered on the West innumerable relics, which notwithstanding many sceptics were received generally with superstitious reverence. Castles and estates were often bartered for pretended relics of a distinguished saint, and such treasures were frequently stolen at the risk of life. No story of a trafficker in relics was too absurd to be believed.--=Pilgrimages=, especially to Rome