§ 113.2. =Thomists and Scotists.=--The Dominicans and Franciscans were opposed as followers respectively of Thomas and of Scotus. Thomas regarded individuality, _i.e._ the fact that everything is an individual, every _res_ is a _hæc_, as a limitation and defect; while Duns saw in this _hæcitas_ a mark of perfection and the true end of creation. Thomas also preferred the Platonic, and Duns the Aristotelian realism. In theology Duns was opposed to Thomas in maintaining an unlimited arbitrary will in God, according to which God does not choose a thing because it is good, but the thing chosen is good because He chooses it. Thomas therefore was a determinist, and in his doctrine of sin and grace adopted a moderate Augustinianism (§ 53, 5), while Duns was a semipelagian. The atonement was viewed by Thomas more in accordance with the theory of Anselm, for he assigned to the merits of Christ as the God-Man infinite worth, _satisfactio superabundans_, which is in itself more than sufficient for redemption; but Duns held that the merits of Christ were sufficient only as accepted by the free will of God, _acceptatio gratuita_. The Scotists also most resolutely contended for the doctrine of the immaculate conception of the Virgin, while the Thomists as passionately opposed it.--Among the immediate disciples of Duns the most celebrated was =Francis Mayron=, teacher at the Sorbonne, who died in A.D. 1325 and was dignified with the title _doctor illuminatus_ or _acutus_. The most notable of the Thomists was =Hervæus Natalis=, who died in A.D. 1323 as general of the Dominicans. Of the later Thomists the most eminent was =Thomas Bradwardine=, _doctor profundus_, a man of deep religious earnestness, who accused his age of Pelagianism, and vindicated the truth in opposition to this error in his _De causa Dei c. Pelagium_. He began teaching at Oxford, afterwards accompanied Edward III. as his confessor and chaplain on his expeditions in France, and died in A.D. 1349 a few weeks after his appointment to the archbishopric of Canterbury.[332]