And so we come from that September 10, 1787, with the accurate knowledge that Madison then proposed and Hamilton seconded and all the delegates adopted the first amending Article which ever _mentioned_ the state governments as makers of any future Amendments. And we know that they did so with the unmistakable intent and understanding that it changed not at all the existing inability of any governments in America to create, for themselves or for other governments, any _national_ power to interfere with the citizens of America in the exercise of their human freedom. And we also come from that record with the certain knowledge that the Madison Fifth Article of September 10 merely provided that, when future Articles were suggested, the Congress should play the part which the Philadelphia Convention was playing, which part involved no exercise of power of any kind, and that such part of Congress should consist in merely _proposing_ an Article and _proposing_ its mode of ratification. And we also come from that day with the equally certain knowledge, which we do not intend to forget, that Madison himself knew clearly that the valid ratification of future Articles _would_ depend, as he knew the valid ratification of the Philadelphia Articles _did_ depend, not on the fact that ratification was in the mode proposed but on the fact that the proposer of a mode of ratification should propose a mode in which the proposed Article could be made by those competent to make an Article _of its particular kind_.