citizens could exercise their exclusive ability to make NATIONAL Articles, like the First Article and the supposed new Eighteenth Amendment. Having fixed this clearly in our mind, we now proceed to examine the nature of the remaining Amendments that were made, prior to 1917. The Eleventh Amendment gave no power of any kind to anyone. It simply declared that the Court of the American nation could not have jurisdiction of law suits against one of the states “by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.” We commend, however, to the modern “constitutional thinkers,” whose Tory concept we shall meet later, this early American recognition of the fact that, in America, _we are “citizens.”_ It will be noticed that this Eleventh Amendment, declared by the President to have become part of the Constitution on January 8, 1798, speaks of the “citizens” or “subjects” of any foreign state but speaks only of “_citizens_” in America. The Twelfth Amendment likewise has naught to do with power of governments over human liberty. It deals solely with the manner in which the Chief Executive of America shall be chosen. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments are the famous so called Slavery Amendments. Even the modern “constitutional thinker” of 1917 and 1920, no matter how Tory his concept, will hardly dare to claim that these Amendments give government power to interfere with the rights which the Creator gave to the human being. On the most casual examination of the language of these Amendments, no one can fail to be impressed with the one pervading purpose found in them all, lying at the foundation of each, and without which none of them would have been even suggested; we mean the _freedom_ of the slave race, the security and firm establishment of that _freedom_, and the protection of the newly-made _freeman_ and _citizen_ from the oppressions of those who had formerly exercised unlimited dominion over him. (Slaughter House cases, Supreme Court, 16 _Wall._ 36 at p. 71.) Of these Amendments, in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 _U. S._ 3, the Supreme Court again said that “they abolished slavery, and established _universal freedom_.”