That we may intelligently so insist, and that our insistence may be made in the proper place and at the proper time, let us briefly consider on what subjects, in the making of our Constitution, our predecessors, as American citizens, granted their enumerated national powers to our only government of all Americans. Like those predecessors, assembled in their conventions, we find all those enumerated powers in the First Article of the Constitution proposed from Philadelphia. In substance they are the war power; the power of making treaties; the power of regulating commerce between ourselves and all people outside of America and between the citizens of the different states; the power of taxation; and all other incidental and supplementary powers necessary to make laws in the execution of these enumerated and granted powers. Noticeably absent from these enumerated powers granted to the only general government of the citizens of America is that power, then existing and still in the national government of each nation or state, known (rather inaccurately) as the police power or the power to pass any law, in restraint of individual human freedom, reasonably designed, _in the judgment of that particular legislature_, to promote the general welfare of its own citizens. It seems hardly necessary, at this moment, to refer to the innumerable decisions of the Supreme Court that such power was not among those enumerated and granted to the American government by _its_ citizens. It was solely because such power had definitely not been granted by them to it that _the_ government of the American citizens made its famous proposal that a portion of such power, in relation to one subject, be granted to it in the supposed Eighteenth Amendment of our Constitution. As a matter of fact, the police power of any government is really all its power to pass any laws which interfere with the exercise of individual freedom. In that respect, the American people made a marked distinction between the quantum _of that kind_ of power which they _granted_ to their one general national government and the quantum they _left_ in the national government of the citizens of each state. The quantum they granted to their own government was definitely enumerated in the First Article. On the other hand, except for the limitations which they themselves imposed upon the respective governments of each state, they left the citizens of each state to determine what quantum the government of that state should have.