In September, 1789, the first ten amendments were proposed by Congress, and in December, 1791, they were declared in force. Their provisions are similar to those of the English Bill of Rights, enacted in 1689,[31] but are much more full and explicit. They provide for freedom of speech and of the press, the free exercise of religion, the right of the people to assemble and petition Congress for a redress of grievances, their right to bear arms, and to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. The quartering of soldiers is guarded, general search-warrants are prohibited, jury trial is guaranteed, and the taking of private property for public use without due compensation, as well as excessive fines and bail and the infliction of "cruel and unusual punishment" are forbidden. Congress is prohibited from establishing any form of religion. [Footnote 31: See above, p. 190. This is further elucidated in Appendixes B and D.] Finally, it is declared that "the enumeration of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," and that "the powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT. 1. What provision did the Constitution make for its own ratification? 2. What was the general method of ratification in the states? 3. On what general grounds did the opposition to the Constitution seem to be based? 4. By what feature in the Constitution was the support of South Carolina and Georgia assured? Why was this support deemed peculiarly desirable? 5. What five states ratified the Constitution with little or no opposition? 6. What was the objection of Massachusetts and some other states to the Constitution? What course, therefore, did they adopt? 7. What three states after Massachusetts by their ratification made the adoption of the Constitution secure? 8. What four states subsequently gave in their support? 9. Give an account of the adoption of the first ten amendments. 10. For what do these amendments provide? 11. What powers are reserved to the states? Section 8. _A Few Words about Politics._ [Sidenote: Federal taxation.] A chief source of the opposition to the new federal government was the dread of federal taxation. People who found it hard to pay their town, county, and state taxes felt that it would be ruinous to have to pay still another kind of tax. In the mere fact of federal taxation, therefore, they were inclined to see tyranny. With people in such a mood it was necessary to proceed cautiously in devising measures of federal taxation.