Section 2. ORIGIN OF THE TOWNSHIP. Here the _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_, edited by Dr. Herbert Adams, are of great value. Note especially series I, no. i, E. A. Freeman, _Introduction to American Institutional History_; I., ii. iv. viii. ix.-x. H. B. Adams, _The Germanic Origin of New England Towns, Saxon Tithing-Men in America, Norman Constables in America, Village Communities of Cape Ann and Salem_; II., x. Edward Channing, _Town and County Government in the English Colonies of North America_; IV., xi.-xii. Melville Egleston, _The Land System of the New England Colonies_; VII., vii.-ix. C. M. Andrews, _The River Towns of Connecticut_. See also Howard's _Local Constitutional History of the United States_, vol. i. "Township, Hundred, and Shire," Baltimore, 1889, a work of extraordinary merit. The great book on local self-government in England is Toulmin Smith's _The Parish_, 2d ed., London, 1859. For the ancient history of the township, see Gomme's _Primitive Folk-Moots_, London, 1880; Gomme's _Village Community_, London, 1890; Seebohm's _English Village Community_, London, 1883; Nasse's _Agricultural Community of the Middle Ages_, London, 1872; Laveleye's _Primitive Property_, London, 1878; Phear's _Aryan Village in India and Ceylon_, London, 1880; Hearn (of the University of Melbourne, Australia), _The Aryan Household_, London & Melbourne, 1879; and the following works of Sir Henry Maine: _Ancient Law_, London, 1861; _Village Communities in the East and West_, London, 1871; _Early History of Institutions_, London, 1875; _Early Law and Custom_, London, 1883. All of Maine's works are republished in New York. See also my _American Political Ideas_, N. Y., 1885. Gomme's _Literature of Local Institutions_, London, 1886, contains an extensive bibliography of the subject, with valuable critical notes and comments. CHAPTER III. THE COUNTY. Section 1. _The County in its Beginnings._ It is now time for us to treat of the county, and we may as well begin by considering its origin. In treating of the township we began by sketching it in its fullest development, as seen in New England. With. the county we shall find it helpful to pursue a different method and start at the beginning. If we look at the maps of the states which make up our Union, we see that they are all divided into counties (except that in Louisiana the corresponding divisions are named parishes). The map of England shows that country as similarly divided into counties.