1. What was the origin of the _casters_ and _chesters_ that are found in England to-day? 2. Trace the development of the English borough until it became a kind of hundred. 3. Compare this borough, with the hundred in the administration of justice. 4. Trace the further development of the borough in cases in which it became a county. 5. Illustrate this development with London, showing how the elements of the township, the hundred, and the shire government enter into its civic organization. 6. Explain the origin and the objects of the various guilds. 7. Speak of the "town guild" under the following heads:-- a. Its composition and power. b. Its relation to citizenship. c. Its place of meeting. d. The aldermen. e. The common council. f. The chief magistrate. 8. Compare the government of London with that of Great Britain or of the United States. 9. Give some account of the lord mayor, the aldermen, and the councilmen of London. 10. Distinguish between London the city and London the metropolis. 11. Show how the English cities and boroughs became bulwarks of liberty by (1) their facilities for obtaining justice, (2) the strength of their walls, and (3) the length of their purses. 12. Contrast the power of London with that of the throne. 13. What notable advance in government was made under the leadership of Simon de Montfort? 14. What abuses crept into the government of many of the English cities? 15. What was the Puritan attitude towards such abuses? 16. Give an account of the government of New York city:-- a. The charter of 1686. b. The governing corporation. c. The public land. d. The city's privileges as a county. e. Officers by election and by appointment. f. Judicial functions. g. Martial law. h. The charter of 1821. 17. Give an account of the government of Philadelphia:-- a. The governments after which it was patterned. b. The viciousness of the system adopted. c. The legislative interference that was thus provoked. d. The division of responsibility and the results of such division. e. The nature of the changes made in 1789. 18. Why are the traditions of good government lacking in the older American cities? Section 3. The Government of Cities in the United States.