Indeed I fear that even although Dr. Carpenter’s expectations should eventually be realised in the results of the Circumnavigation Expedition, yet the advocates of the wind theory will still remain unconverted. In fact the Director of this Expedition has already, on the wind theory, offered an explanation of nearly all the phenomena on which Dr. Carpenter relies;[65] and the same has also been done by Dr. Petermann,[66] who, as is well known, is equally opposed to Dr. Carpenter’s theory. Dr. Carpenter directs attention to the necessity of examining the broad and deep channel separating Iceland from Greenland. The observations which have already been made, however, show that nearly the entire channel is occupied, on the surface at least, by water flowing southward from the polar area—a direction the opposite of what it ought to be according to the gravitation theory. In fact the surface of one half of the entire area of the ocean, extending from Greenland to the North Cape, is moving in a direction the opposite of that which it ought to take according to the theory under review. The western half of this area is occupied by water which at the surface is flowing southwards; while the eastern half, which has hitherto been regarded by almost everybody but Dr. Carpenter himself and Mr. Findlay as an extension of the Gulf-stream, is moving polewards. The motion of the western half must be attributed to the winds and not to gravity; for it is moving in the wrong direction to be accounted for by the latter cause; but had it been moving in the opposite direction, no doubt its motion would have been referred to gravitation. To this cause the motion of the eastern half, which is in the proper direction, is attributed;[67] but why not assign this motion also to the impulse of the winds, more especially since the direction of the prevailing winds blowing over that area coincides with that of the water? If the wind can produce the motion of the water in the western half, why may not it do the same in the eastern half?