In digging a foundation for a building in Leith Walk, Edinburgh, a few years ago, two distinct beds of sand were passed through, the upper, about 10 feet in thickness, rested upon what appeared to be a denuded surface of the lower bed. In this lower bed, which evidently had been a land surface, numbers of tree roots were found. I had the pleasure of examining them along with my friend Mr. C. W. Peach, who first directed my attention to them. In no instance were the roots found in the upper bed. That these roots did not belong to trees which had grown on the present surface and penetrated to that depth, was further evident from the fact that in one or two cases we found the roots broken off at the place where they had been joined to the trunk, and there the upper sand-bed over them was more than 10 feet in thickness. If we assume that the roots belonged to trees which had grown on the present surface, then we must also assume, what no one would be willing to admit, that the trunks of the trees had grown downwards into the earth to a depth of upwards of ten feet. I have shown these roots to several botanists, but none of them could determine to what trees they belonged. The surface of the ground at the spot in question is 45 feet above sea-level. Mr. Peach and I have found similar roots in the under sand-bed at several other places in the same neighbourhood. That they belong to an inter-glacial period appears probable for the following reasons:—(1.) This upper sand-bed is overlaid by a tough clay, which in all respects appears to be the same as the Portobello clay, which we know belongs to the glacial series. In company with Mr. Bennie, I found the clay in some places to be contorted in a similar manner to the Portobello clays. (2.) In a sand-pit about one or two hundred yards to the west of where the roots were found, the sand-bed was found contorted in the most extraordinary manner to a depth of about 15 feet. In fact, for a space of more than 30 feet, the bedding had been completely turned up on end without the fine layers being in the least degree broken or disarranged, showing that they had been upturned by some enormous powers acting on a large mass of the sand. One of the best examples of true till to be met with in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh is at Redhall Quarry, about three miles to the south-west of the city. In recently opening up a new quarry near the old one a bed of peat was found intercalated in the thick mass of till overlying the rock. The clay overlying and underlying the peat-bed was carefully examined by Mr. John Henderson,[115] and found to be true till.